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Simplifying XML schema: effortless handling of nondeterministic regular expressions
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Inference of concise regular expressions and DTDs
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Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Database Theory
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Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Database Theory
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Discovering XSD keys from XML data
Proceedings of the 2013 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data
Simplifying XML Schema: Single-type approximations of regular tree languages
Journal of Computer and System Sciences
Validating XML documents in the streaming model with external memory
ACM Transactions on Database Systems (TODS) - Invited papers issue
Efficient separability of regular languages by subsequences and suffixes
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Conservative type extensions for XML data
Transactions on Large-Scale Data- and Knowledge-centered systems IX
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The common abstraction of XML Schema by unranked regular tree languages is not entirely accurate. To shed some light on the actual expressive power of XML Schema, intuitive semantical characterizations of the Element Declarations Consistent (EDC) rule are provided. In particular, it is obtained that schemas satisfying EDC can only reason about regular properties of ancestors of nodes. Hence, with respect to expressive power, XML Schema is closer to DTDs than to tree automata. These theoretical results are complemented with an investigation of the XML Schema Definitions (XSDs) occurring in practice, revealing that the extra expressiveness of XSDs over DTDs is only used to a very limited extent. As this might be due to the complexity of the XML Schema specification and the difficulty of understanding the effect of constraints on typing and validation of schemas, a simpler formalism equivalent to XSDs is proposed. It is based on contextual patterns rather than on recursive types and it might serve as a light-weight front end for XML Schema. Next, the effect of EDC on the way XML documents can be typed is discussed. It is argued that a cleaner, more robust, larger but equally feasible class is obtained by replacing EDC with the notion of 1-pass preorder typing (1PPT): schemas that allow one to determine the type of an element of a streaming document when its opening tag is met. This notion can be defined in terms of grammars with restrained competition regular expressions and there is again an equivalent syntactical formalism based on contextual patterns. Finally, algorithms for recognition, simplification, and inclusion of schemas for the various classes are given.