Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
On the dynamics of small continuous-time recurrent neural networks
Adaptive Behavior - Special issue on computational neuroethology
ALIFE Proceedings of the sixth international conference on Artificial life
From lampreys to salamanders: evolving neural controllers for swimming and walking
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on simulation of adaptive behavior on From animals to animats 5
Creation Of A Learning, Flying Robot By Means Of Evolution
GECCO '02 Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference
Generating flying creatures using body-brain co-evolution
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Evolution of neural networks for active control of tethered airfoils
ECAL'07 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Advances in artificial life
ECAL'07 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Advances in artificial life
In silicon no one can hear you scream: evolving fighting creatures
EuroGP'08 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Genetic programming
Chaotic exploration and learning of locomotion behaviors
Neural Computation
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The body-brain coevolution of aerial life forms has not been developed as far as aquatic or terrestrial locomotion in the field of artificial life. We are studying physically simulated 3D flying creatures by evolving both wing shapes and their controllers. A creature's wing is modeled as a number of articulated cylinders, connected by triangular films (patagia). The wing structure and its motor controllers for cruising flight are generated by an evolutionary algorithm within a simulated aerodynamic environment. The most energy-efficient cruising speed and the lift and drag coefficients of each flier are calculated from its morphological characteristics and used in the fitness evaluation. To observe a wide range of creature size, the evolution is run separately for creatures categorized into three species by body weight. The resulting creatures vary in size from pigeons to pterosaurs, with various wing configurations. We discuss the characteristics of shape and motion of the evolved creatures, including flight stability and Strouhal number.