Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Proceedings of the 18th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection
Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Spacetime constraints revisited
SIGGRAPH '93 Proceedings of the 20th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
SIGGRAPH '94 Proceedings of the 21st annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Automated learning of muscle-actuated locomotion through control abstraction
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
ALIFE Proceedings of the sixth international conference on Artificial life
Intelligence through simulated evolution: forty years of evolutionary programming
Intelligence through simulated evolution: forty years of evolutionary programming
breve: a 3D environment for the simulation of decentralized systems and artificial life
ICAL 2003 Proceedings of the eighth international conference on Artificial life
Evolving Virtual Creatures and Catapults
Artificial Life
Open-ended behavioral complexity for evolved virtual creatures
Proceedings of the 15th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Data-driven control of flapping flight
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
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This paper describes a system that produces double-winged flying creatures using body-brain co-evolution without need of complex flapping flight aerodynamics. While artificial life techniques have been used to create a variety of virtual creatures, little work has explored flapping-winged creatures for the difficulty of genetic encoding problem of wings with limited geometric primitives as well as flapping-wing aerodynamics. Despite of the simplicity of system, our result shows aesthetical looking and organic flapping flight locomotions. The restricted list structure is used in genotype encoding for morphological symmetry of creatures and is more easily handled than other data structures. The creatures evolved by this system have two symmetric flapping wings consisting of continuous triangular patches and show various looking and locomotion such as wings of birds, butterflies and bats or even imaginary wings of a dragon and pterosaurs.