Software watermarking in the frequency domain: implementation, analysis, and attacks

  • Authors:
  • Christian Collberg;Tapas Ranjan Sahoo

  • Affiliations:
  • Department of Computer Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ;Department of Computer Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ

  • Venue:
  • Journal of Computer Security - Special issue on security track at ACM symposium on applied computing 2004
  • Year:
  • 2005

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Abstract

In this paper we analyze the SHKQ software watermarking algorithm, originally title to Stern, Hachez, Koeune and Quisquater. The algorithm has been implemented within tile SANDMARK framework, a system designed to allow effective study of software protection algorithms (such as code obfuscation, software watermarking, and code tamper-proofing) targeting Java bytecode.The SHKQ algorithm embeds a watermark in a program using a spread spectrum technique. The idea is to spread the watermark over the entire application by modifying instruction frequencies. Spreading the watermark over the code provides a high level of stealth and some manner of resilience against attack.In this paper we describe the implementation of the SHKQ algorithm, in particular the issues that arise when targeting Java bytecodes. We then present an empirical examination of the robustness of the watermark against a wide variety of attacks. We conclude that SHKQ, while stealthy, is easily attacked by simple distortive transformations.