Design complexity measurement and testing
Communications of the ACM
SPINS: security protocols for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Heterogeneous networking: a new survivability paradigm
Proceedings of the 2001 workshop on New security paradigms
A key-management scheme for distributed sensor networks
Proceedings of the 9th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Survivability: Protecting Your Critical Systems
IEEE Internet Computing
Perfectly-Secure Key Distribution for Dynamic Conferences
CRYPTO '92 Proceedings of the 12th Annual International Cryptology Conference on Advances in Cryptology
Diversity against Accidental and Deliberate Faults
CSDA '98 Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Security, Dependability, and Assurance: From Needs to Solutions
Building Diverse Computer Systems
HOTOS '97 Proceedings of the 6th Workshop on Hot Topics in Operating Systems (HotOS-VI)
Random Key Predistribution Schemes for Sensor Networks
SP '03 Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy
Systematic Generation of Stochastic Diversity as an Intrusion Barrier in Survivable Systems Software
HICSS '99 Proceedings of the Thirty-Second Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences-Volume 3 - Volume 3
A security architecture for survivability mechanisms
A security architecture for survivability mechanisms
A pairwise key pre-distribution scheme for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 10th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Establishing pairwise keys in distributed sensor networks
Proceedings of the 10th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Countering code-injection attacks with instruction-set randomization
Proceedings of the 10th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Randomized instruction set emulation to disrupt binary code injection attacks
Proceedings of the 10th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Obfuscation of executable code to improve resistance to static disassembly
Proceedings of the 10th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Resilient aggregation in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Security of ad hoc and sensor networks
On achieving software diversity for improved network security using distributed coloring algorithms
Proceedings of the 11th ACM conference on Computer and communications security
Boundary estimation in sensor networks: theory and methods
IPSN'03 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Information processing in sensor networks
Distributed EM algorithms for density estimation and clustering in sensor networks
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
IEEE Communications Magazine
The role of Wireless Sensor Networks in the area of Critical Information Infrastructure Protection
Information Security Tech. Report
Improving sensor network immunity under worm attacks: a software diversity approach
Proceedings of the 9th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
On handling insider attacks in wireless sensor networks
Information Security Tech. Report
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
Resilience in computer systems and networks
Proceedings of the 2009 International Conference on Computer-Aided Design
On attack-resilient wireless sensor networks with novel recovery strategies
WCNC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE conference on Wireless Communications & Networking Conference
Efficient code diversification for network reprogramming in sensor networks
Proceedings of the third ACM conference on Wireless network security
On the protection and technologies of critical information infrastructures
Foundations of security analysis and design IV
Building a dark piconet upon bluetooth interfaces of computers
MILCOM'09 Proceedings of the 28th IEEE conference on Military communications
SWORDS: improving sensor networks immunity under worm attacks
WAIM'10 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Web-age information management
A survivability model in wireless sensor networks
Computers & Mathematics with Applications
Spy-Sense: spyware tool for executing stealthy exploits against sensor networks
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM workshop on Hot topics on wireless network security and privacy
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A great challenge in securing sensor networks is that sensor nodes can be physically compromised. Once a node is compromised, attackers can retrieve secret information (e.g. keys) from the node. In most of the key pre-distribution schemes, the compromise of secret information on one node can have substantial impact on other nodes because secrets are shared by more than one node in those schemes. Although tamper-resistant hardware can help protect those secrets, it is still impractical for sensor networks.Having observed that most sensor network applications and key pre-distribution schemes can tolerate the compromise of a small number of sensors, we propose to use diversity to protect the secret keys in sensor networks. Our scheme consists of two steps. First, we obfuscate the data and the code for each sensor, such that, when attackers have compromised a sensor node, they need to spend a substantial amount of time to find the secrets from the obfuscated code (e.g., by reverse engineering or code analysis). This first line of defense raises the bar of difficulty for a successful attack on one single node. Second, for different nodes, we make sure that the data and code obfuscation methods are different. This way, even if the attacks have successfully derived the location of the secrets, they cannot use the same location for another node, because for different nodes, their secrets are stored in different ways and in different places. Such diversity makes it a daunting job to derive the secret information from a large number of compromised nodes. We have implemented our scheme for Mica2 motes, and we present the results in this paper.