Sole versus dual sourcing in stochastic lead-time (s,Q) inventory models
Management Science
The risk-averse (and prudent) newsboy
Management Science
The Quantity Flexibility Contract and Supplier-Customer Incentives
Management Science
Flexible and Risk-Sharing Supply Contracts Under Price Uncertainty
Management Science
Impact of Uncertainty and Risk Aversion on Price and Order Quantity in the Newsvendor Problem
Manufacturing & Service Operations Management
Selling to the Newsvendor: An Analysis of Price-Only Contracts
Manufacturing & Service Operations Management
Optimal Replenishment and Rework with Multiple Unreliable Supply Sources
Operations Research
Supply Chain Coordination Under Channel Rebates with Sales Effort Effects
Management Science
The Impact of the Secondary Market on the Supply Chain
Management Science
Commissioned Paper: Capacity Management, Investment, and Hedging: Review and Recent Developments
Manufacturing & Service Operations Management
The role of e-marketplaces in relationship-based supply chains: a survey
IBM Systems Journal
Hedging Inventory Risk Through Market Instruments
Manufacturing & Service Operations Management
Competitive Options, Supply Contracting, and Electronic Markets
Management Science
Optimal Control and Hedging of Operations in the Presence of Financial Markets
Mathematics of Operations Research
Sourcing Flexibility, Spot Trading, and Procurement Contract Structure
Operations Research
Securitization and Real Investment in Incomplete Markets
Management Science
Multiechelon Procurement and Distribution Policies for Traded Commodities
Management Science
A new two-party bargaining mechanism
Journal of Combinatorial Optimization
Hi-index | 0.00 |
Bilateral supply contracts are widely used despite the presence of spot markets. In this paper, we provide a potential explanation for this prevalence of supply contracts even when spot markets are liquid and without delivery lag. Specifically, we consider the determination of an equilibrium forward contract on a nonstorable commodity between two firms that have mean-variance preferences over their risky profits and negotiate the forward contract through a Nash bargaining process. We derive the unique equilibrium forward contract in closed form and provide an extensive analysis. We show that it is the risk-hedging benefit from a forward that justifies its prevalence in spite of liquid spot markets. In addition, while a forward does not affect production decisions due to the presence of spot markets, it does affect inventory decisions of the storable input factor due to its hedging effect against the inventory risk. We also show that price volatilities and correlations are important determinants of the equilibrium contract. In particular, the equilibrium forward price can be nonmonotonic in the spot price volatility and can decrease as the initial spot price increases.