The second self: computers and the human spirit
The second self: computers and the human spirit
Out of control: the new biology of machines, social systems, and the economic world
Out of control: the new biology of machines, social systems, and the economic world
The garden in the machine: the emerging science of artificial life
The garden in the machine: the emerging science of artificial life
Hidden order: how adaptation builds complexity
Hidden order: how adaptation builds complexity
Growing artificial societies: social science from the bottom up
Growing artificial societies: social science from the bottom up
Artificial knowing: gender and the thinking machine
Artificial knowing: gender and the thinking machine
Virtual Organisms: The Startling World of Artificial Life
Virtual Organisms: The Startling World of Artificial Life
How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics
How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics
Silicon Second Nature: Culturing Artificial Life in a Digital World
Silicon Second Nature: Culturing Artificial Life in a Digital World
Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet
Life on the Screen: Identity in the Age of the Internet
Viroid Life: Perspectives on Nietzsche and the Transhuman Condition
Viroid Life: Perspectives on Nietzsche and the Transhuman Condition
Cyberfeminism and Artificial Life
Cyberfeminism and Artificial Life
Flesh and Machines: How Robots Will Change Us
Flesh and Machines: How Robots Will Change Us
"Artificial societies" and the social sciences
Artificial Life
Artifact & artifice: views on life
Artificial Life
Wetwares: Experiments in Postvital Living
Wetwares: Experiments in Postvital Living
Emergent properties in small-scale societies
Artificial Life
Metacreation: Art and Artificial Life
Metacreation: Art and Artificial Life
Evolving 3d morphology and behavior by competition
Artificial Life
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This review essay surveys recent literature in the history of science, literary theory, anthropology, and art criticism dedicated to exploring how the artificial life enterprise has been inflected by---and might also reshape---existing social, historical, cognitive, and cultural frames of thought and action. The piece works through various possible interpretations of Kevin Kelly's phrase “life is a verb,” in order to track recent shifts in cultural studies of artificial life from an aesthetic of critique to an aesthetic of conversation, discerning in the process different styles of translating between the concerns of the humanities, social sciences, natural sciences, and sciences of the artificial.