HCC Implications for the Procurement Process
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Work-arounds, Make-work, and Kludges
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Making Sense of Sensemaking 1: Alternative Perspectives
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Antipatterns in the Creation of Intelligent Systems
IEEE Intelligent Systems
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Typical procurement processes rarely result in intelligent, human-centered technologies. Alltoo often, we see instances of the Penny Foolish Principle of complex cognitive systems: "Afocus on short-term cost considerations, as a main driving force in procuring new informationtechnology, always comes with a hefty price down the road, a price that always weighs mostheavily on users' shoulders." Countless program managers, system designers, and cognitivesystems engineers have participated in projects culminating in technologies that were highlyconstrained by short-term cost factors. Any procurement process for intelligent systems that is sensitive to human-centering issues should estimate the human total cost of ownership in one way or another, using empirical data, historical data, various parameters of componentacquisition, and any other pertinent data that might be brought to bear. Allocating costsspecifically to human-centering and cognitive systems engineering aspects of technologyR&D will mitigate human-machine interaction issues, decrease training costs, anddecrease maintenance costs, thus benefiting the service or system owner over thetechnology's lifetime.