Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
Adaptation in natural and artificial systems
Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection
Genetic programming: on the programming of computers by means of natural selection
Computer Music: Synthesis, Composition, and Performance
Computer Music: Synthesis, Composition, and Performance
Linear Prediction of Speech
Force feedback gesture controlled physical modelling synthesis
NIME '03 Proceedings of the 2003 conference on New interfaces for musical expression
Real-time gesture-controlled physical modelling music synthesis with tactile feedback
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Real-Time Dynamic Articulations in the 2-D Waveguide Mesh Vocal Tract Model
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
Singing synthesis with an evolved physical model
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
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In this paper, we describe an experiment to evolve oral tract (mouth) shapes for a set of vowels for two adult males. Target vowels were recorded in an acoustically anechoic room along with the output from an electrolaryngograph, which monitors vocal fold vibrations electrically via two electrodes placed externally on the neck of the speaker at larynx level. Physical modelling digital waveguide synthesis using a two dimensional virtual oral tract was employed in the experiments. A population of 50 randomly shaped oral tracts were set up at the start of the evolution procedure, and the fitness of each was tested with respect to each of the target vowels. The resulting vowels are compared spectrally alongside the evolved oral tract shapes. The results for open vowels were close to the targets whereas those for close vowels were not. It is suggested that this is because of the associated narrow constriction to which special attention needs to be paid in the future.