GeoCast—geographic addressing and routing
MobiCom '97 Proceedings of the 3rd annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Directed diffusion: a scalable and robust communication paradigm for sensor networks
MobiCom '00 Proceedings of the 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
System architecture directions for networked sensors
ASPLOS IX Proceedings of the ninth international conference on Architectural support for programming languages and operating systems
Capacity of Ad Hoc wireless networks
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
A transmission control scheme for media access in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 7th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Wake on wireless: an event driven energy saving strategy for battery operated devices
Proceedings of the 8th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Infrastructure tradeoffs for sensor networks
WSNA '02 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
ESRT: event-to-sink reliable transport in wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 4th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking & computing
Understanding packet delivery performance in dense wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Taming the underlying challenges of reliable multihop routing in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
An adaptive energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Energy-efficient collision-free medium access control for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
CODA: congestion detection and avoidance in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
The number of neighbors needed for connectivity of wireless networks
Wireless Networks
AIDA: Adaptive application-independent data aggregation in wireless sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Embedded Computing Systems (TECS)
Proceedings of the 10th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Mitigating congestion in wireless sensor networks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
A case for all-wireless, dual-radio virtual sinks
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
A unifying link abstraction for wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Siphon: overload traffic management using multi-radio virtual sinks in sensor networks
Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
ExScal: Elements of an Extreme Scale Wireless Sensor Network
RTCSA '05 Proceedings of the 11th IEEE International Conference on Embedded and Real-Time Computing Systems and Applications
Telos: enabling ultra-low power wireless research
IPSN '05 Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on Information processing in sensor networks
Efficient routing to mobile sinks in wireless sensor networks
WICON '07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Wireless internet
Congestion control protocol for wireless sensor networks handling prioritized heterogeneous traffic
Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Conference on Mobile and Ubiquitous Systems: Computing, Networking, and Services
Design and evaluation of a wireless sensor network architecture for urgent information transmission
International Journal of Sensor Networks
Lifetime benefits through load balancing in homogeneous sensor networks
WCNC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE conference on Wireless Communications & Networking Conference
Reliable data delivery in large-scale low-power sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
Opportunistic collaboration in participatory sensing environments
Proceedings of the fifth ACM international workshop on Mobility in the evolving internet architecture
Energy-efficient congestion detection and avoidance in sensor networks
ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks (TOSN)
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There is a critical need for new thinking regarding overload traffic management in sensor networks. It has now become clear that experimental sensor networks (e.g., mote networks) and their applications commonly experience periods of persistent congestion and high packet loss, and in some cases even congestion collapse. This significantly impacts application fidelity measured at the physical sinks, even under light to moderate traffic loads, and is a direct product of the funneling effect; that is, the many-to-one multihop traffic pattern that characterizes sensor network communications. Existing congestion control schemes are effective at mitigating congestion through rate control and packet drop mechanisms, but do so at the cost of significantly reducing application fidelity measured at the sinks. To address this problem we propose to exploit the availability of a small number of all wireless, multiradio virtual sinks that can be randomly distributed or selectively placed across the sensor field. Virtual sinks are capable of siphoning off data events from regions of the sensor field that are beginning to show signs of high traffic load. In this paper, we present the design, implementation, and evaluation of Siphon, a set of fully distributed algorithms that support virtual sink discovery and selection, congestion detection, and traffic redirection in sensor networks. Siphon is based on a Stargate implementation of virtual sinks that uses a separate longer range radio network (based on IEEE 802.11) to siphon events to one or more physical sinks, and a short-range mote radio to interact with the sensor field at siphon points. Results from analysis, simulation and an experimental 48 Mica2 mote testbed show that virtual sinks can scale mote networks by effectively managing growing traffic demands while minimizing any negative impact on application fidelity. Additionally, we show the scheme is competitive with respect to energy consumption compared to a network composed of only motes.