Automatic thesaurus construction by machine learning from retrieval sessions
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Cyc: toward programs with common sense
Communications of the ACM
Word association norms, mutual information, and lexicography
Computational Linguistics
Experiments in automatic statistical thesaurus construction
SIGIR '92 Proceedings of the 15th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Experiment on linguistically-based term associations
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
Computation of term associations by a neural network
SIGIR '93 Proceedings of the 16th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
A translation approach to portable ontology specifications
Knowledge Acquisition - Special issue: Current issues in knowledge modeling
Class-based n-gram models of natural language
Computational Linguistics
Mapping domains to methods in support of reuse
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Natural language understanding (2nd ed.)
Natural language understanding (2nd ed.)
Formal ontology, conceptual analysis and knowledge representation
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: the role of formal ontology in the information technology
Understanding, building and using ontologies
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The Ontolingua Server: a tool for collaborative ontology construction
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: innovative applications of the World Wide Web
Knowledge engineering: principles and methods
Data & Knowledge Engineering - Special jubilee issue: DKE 25
Learning to extract symbolic knowledge from the World Wide Web
AAAI '98/IAAI '98 Proceedings of the fifteenth national/tenth conference on Artificial intelligence/Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Towards text knowledge engineering
AAAI '98/IAAI '98 Proceedings of the fifteenth national/tenth conference on Artificial intelligence/Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Knowledge lean word-sense disambiguation
AAAI '98/IAAI '98 Proceedings of the fifteenth national/tenth conference on Artificial intelligence/Innovative applications of artificial intelligence
Foundations of statistical natural language processing
Foundations of statistical natural language processing
Deriving concept hierarchies from text
Proceedings of the 22nd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Explorations in Automatic Thesaurus Discovery
Explorations in Automatic Thesaurus Discovery
Knowledge Acquisition and Machine Learning
Knowledge Acquisition and Machine Learning
Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval
Introduction to Modern Information Retrieval
Inferring hierarchical descriptions
Proceedings of the eleventh international conference on Information and knowledge management
Ontology-Based Knowledge Management
Computer
Emergent Semantics through Interaction in Image Databases
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Building a Chemical Ontology Using Methontology and the Ontology Design Environment
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Ontology Learning for the Semantic Web
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Creating Semantic Web Contents with Protégé-2000
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Ontology-Based Photo Annotation
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Learning Logical Definitions from Relations
Machine Learning
Ontology Learning and Its Application to Automated Terminology Translation
IEEE Intelligent Systems
EKAW '00 Proceedings of the 12th European Workshop on Knowledge Acquisition, Modeling and Management
Some ideas and examples to evaluate ontologies
CAIA '95 Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Artificial Intelligence for Applications
Toward Rapid Ontology Development for Underdeveloped Domains
HICSS '02 Proceedings of the 35th Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS'02)-Volume 4 - Volume 4
Statistical Models for Co-occurrence Data
Statistical Models for Co-occurrence Data
Bottom-up relational learning of pattern matching rules for information extraction
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Retrieval effectiveness of an ontology-based model for information selection
The VLDB Journal — The International Journal on Very Large Data Bases
Learning to Share Meaning in a Multi-Agent System
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
A machine learning approach to coreference resolution of noun phrases
Computational Linguistics - Special issue on computational anaphora resolution
The interaction of knowledge sources in word sense disambiguation
Computational Linguistics
Automatic word sense discrimination
Computational Linguistics - Special issue on word sense disambiguation
A corpus-based bootstrapping algorithm for Semi-Automated semantic lexicon construction
Natural Language Engineering
Word clustering and disambiguation based on co-occurrence data
COLING '98 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Automatic retrieval and clustering of similar words
COLING '98 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Noun-phrase co-occurrence statistics for semiautomatic semantic lexicon construction
COLING '98 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Word-sense disambiguation using statistical methods
ACL '91 Proceedings of the 29th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Contextual word similarity and estimation from sparse data
ACL '93 Proceedings of the 31st annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Distributional clustering of English words
ACL '93 Proceedings of the 31st annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Evaluating automated and manual acquisition of anaphora resolution strategies
ACL '95 Proceedings of the 33rd annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Noun classification from predicate-argument structures
ACL '90 Proceedings of the 28th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Integrating multiple knowledge sources to disambiguate word sense: an exemplar-based approach
ACL '96 Proceedings of the 34th annual meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Unsupervised learning of soft patterns for generating definitions from online news
Proceedings of the 13th international conference on World Wide Web
Automatic acquisition of hyponyms from large text corpora
COLING '92 Proceedings of the 14th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Automatic extraction of semantic relations from specialized corpora
COLING '00 Proceedings of the 18th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Ontology Versioning in an Ontology Management Framework
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Why Evaluate Ontology Technologies? Because It Works!
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Swoogle: a search and metadata engine for the semantic web
Proceedings of the thirteenth ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Finding parts in very large corpora
ACL '99 Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics
Automatic construction of a hypernym-labeled noun hierarchy from text
ACL '99 Proceedings of the 37th annual meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics on Computational Linguistics
Semantic cores for representing documents in IR
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM symposium on Applied computing
Evaluation tool for rule-based anaphora resolution methods
ACL '01 Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting on Association for Computational Linguistics
Web Service Annotation Using Ontology Mapping
SOSE '05 Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop
Building a hyponymy lexicon with hierarchical structure
ULA '02 Proceedings of the ACL-02 workshop on Unsupervised lexical acquisition - Volume 9
FCA-MERGE: bottom-up merging of ontologies
IJCAI'01 Proceedings of the 17th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
Automatic sense disambiguation of the near-synonyms in a dictionary entry
CICLing'03 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computational linguistics and intelligent text processing
Ontology-supported polarity mining
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Monitoring the status of a research community through a Knowledge Map
Web Intelligence and Agent Systems
Multimedia ontology learning for automatic annotation and video browsing
MIR '08 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international conference on Multimedia information retrieval
Ontology based data mining: a contribution to business intelligence
MCBE'09 Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS international conference on Mathematics and computers in business and economics
Populating a domain ontology from web historical dictionaries and encyclopedias
Proceedings of the 2008 Euro American Conference on Telematics and Information Systems
Mining Concepts from Wikipedia for Ontology Construction
WI-IAT '09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Joint Conference on Web Intelligence and Intelligent Agent Technology - Volume 03
Marketing database knowledge extraction: towards a domain ontology
INES'09 Proceedings of the IEEE 13th international conference on Intelligent Engineering Systems
Graph-Based Ontology Construction from Heterogenous Evidences
ISWC '09 Proceedings of the 8th International Semantic Web Conference
Ontology learning for cost-effective large-scale semantic annotation of web service interfaces
EKAW'10 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Knowledge engineering and management by the masses
Reasoning by analogy in the generation of domain acceptable ontology refinements
EKAW'10 Proceedings of the 17th international conference on Knowledge engineering and management by the masses
The semantic gap of formalized meaning
ESWC'10 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on The Semantic Web: research and Applications - Volume Part II
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
A semantic retrieval framework for engineering domain knowledge
ICIC'11 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Advanced Intelligent Computing
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Ontology learning from text: A look back and into the future
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Mid-Ontology learning from linked data
JIST'11 Proceedings of the 2011 joint international conference on The Semantic Web
Improving financial data quality using ontologies
Decision Support Systems
Contextual question answering for the health domain
Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology
Ontology Engineering The "What's", "Why's", and "How's" of Data Exchange
International Journal of Decision Support System Technology
Construction of Domain Ontologies: Sourcing the World Wide Web
International Journal of Intelligent Information Technologies
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Ontology is one of the fundamental cornerstones of the semantic Web. The pervasive use of ontologies in information sharing and knowledge management calls for efficient and effective approaches to ontology development. Ontology learning, which seeks to discover ontological knowledge from various forms of data automatically or semi-automatically, can overcome the bottleneck of ontology acquisition in ontology development. Despite the significant progress in ontology learning research over the past decade, there remain a number of open problems in this field. This paper provides a comprehensive review and discussion of major issues, challenges, and opportunities in ontology learning. We propose a new learning-oriented model for ontology development and a framework for ontology learning. Moreover, we identify and discuss important dimensions for classifying ontology learning approaches and techniques. In light of the impact of domain on choosing ontology learning approaches, we summarize domain characteristics that can facilitate future ontology learning effort. The paper offers a road map and a variety of insights about this fast-growing field.