The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
Adaptive agents and personality change: complementarity versus similarity as forms of adaptation
Conference Companion on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Minds and Machines
Effects of echoic mimicry using hummed sounds on human-computer interaction
Speech Communication
Manifold Based Analysis of Facial Expression
CVPRW '04 Proceedings of the 2004 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop (CVPRW'04) Volume 5 - Volume 05
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Social signals, their function, and automatic analysis: a survey
ICMI '08 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Social signal processing: state-of-the-art and future perspectives of an emerging domain
MM '08 Proceedings of the 16th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Nonverbal leakage in robots: communication of intentions through seemingly unintentional behavior
Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human robot interaction
Social signal processing: Survey of an emerging domain
Image and Vision Computing
Probing the uncanny valley with the eye size aftereffect
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments
Challenges for virtual humans in human computing
ICMI'06/IJCAI'07 Proceedings of the ICMI 2006 and IJCAI 2007 international conference on Artifical intelligence for human computing
Social evaluations of embodied agents and avatars
Computers in Human Behavior
Multimodal embodied mimicry in interaction
COST'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Analysis of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication and Enactment
Computers in Human Behavior
Online behavior evaluation with the switching wizard of oz
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
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Conversations are characterized by an interactional synchrony between verbal and nonverbal behaviors [Kendon, A. (1970). Movement coordination in social interaction: some examples described. Acta Psychologica, 32(2), 101-125]. A subset of these contingent conversational behaviors is direct mimicry. During face to face interaction, people who mimic the verbal [Giles, H., Coupland, J., & Coupland, N. (1991). Accommodation theory: Communication, context, and consequence. In Giles, H., Coupland, J., & Coupland, N. Contexts of accommodation. Developments in applied sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press] and nonverbal behaviors [Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1999). The chameleon effect: the perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 893-910] gain social advantage. Most research examining mimicry behavior in interaction examines 'implicit mimicry' in which the mimicked individual is unaware of the behavior of the mimicker. In this paper, we examined how effective people were at explicitly detecting mimicking computer agents and the consequences of mimic detection in terms of social influence and interactional synchrony. In Experiment 1, participant pairs engaged in a ''one-degree of freedom'' Turing Test. When the computer agent mimicked them, users were significantly worse than chance at identifying the other human. In Experiment 2, participants were more likely to detect mimicry in an agent that mirror-mimicked their head movements (three degrees of freedom) than agents that either congruently mimicked their behaviors or mimicked those movements on another rotational axis. We discuss implications for theories of interactivity.