A muscle model for animation three-dimensional facial expression
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
How Convincing is Mr. Data's Smile: Affective Expressions of Machines
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
Analysis and Synthesis of Facial Image Sequences Using Physical and Anatomical Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Communicating facial affect: it's not the realism, it's the motion
CHI '00 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Comprehensive Database for Facial Expression Analysis
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
A Video Database of Moving Faces and People
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Subtle emotional expressions of synthetic characters
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Subtle expressivity for characters and robots
Computers in Entertainment (CIE) - SPECIAL ISSUE: Media Arts and Games (Part II)
Embodied Conversational Agent-Based Kiosk for Automated Interviewing
Journal of Management Information Systems
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The identification of basic emotions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness and surprise) has been studied widely from pictures of facial expressions. Until recently, the role of dynamic information in identifying facial emotions has received little attention. There is evidence that dynamics improves the identification of basic emotions from synthetic (computer-animated) facial expressions [Wehrle, T., Kaiser, S., Schmidt, S., Scherer, K.R., 2000. Studying dynamic models of facial expression of emotion using synthetic animated faces. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (1), 105-119.]; however, similar result has not been confirmed with natural human faces. We compared the identification of basic emotions from both natural and synthetic dynamic vs. static facial expressions in 54 subjects. We found no significant differences in the identification of static and dynamic expressions from natural faces. In contrast, some synthetic dynamic expressions were identified much more accurately than static ones. This effect was evident only with synthetic facial expressions whose static displays were non-distinctive. Our results show that dynamics does not improve the identification of already distinctive static facial displays. On the other hand, dynamics has an important role for identifying subtle emotional expressions, particularly from computer-animated synthetic characters.