Lifelike computer characters: the persona project at Microsoft
Software agents
Helper agent: designing an assistant for human-human interaction in a virtual meeting space
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Face to interface: facial affect in (hu)man and machine
Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CUU '00 Proceedings on the 2000 conference on Universal Usability
Designing Sociable Robots
How Convincing is Mr. Data's Smile: Affective Expressions of Machines
User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction
Subtle expressivity for characters and robots
CHI '03 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
CharToon 2.0 manual
The Hug: a new form for communication
Proceedings of the 2003 conference on Designing for user experiences
Social robots as mediators between users and smart environments
Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The effect of dynamics on identifying basic emotions from synthetic and natural faces
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Fuzzy Similarity of Facial Expressions of Embodied Agents
IVA '07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Smoothing human-robot speech interactions by using a blinking-light as subtle expression
ICMI '08 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Computers in Entertainment (CIE) - SPECIAL ISSUE: Media Arts and Games (Part II)
Journal of Management Information Systems
Interpreting Human and Avatar Facial Expressions
INTERACT '09 Proceedings of the 12th IFIP TC 13 International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Part I
A study of demographic embodiments of product recommendation agents in electronic commerce
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Affect expression in ECAs: Application to politeness displays
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The effect of physical embodiment of an animal robot on affective prosody recognition
HCII'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction: interaction techniques and environments - Volume Part II
ICEC'06 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Entertainment Computing
Towards multimodal expression of laughter
IVA'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Expressing a robot's confidence with motion-based artificial subtle expressions
CHI '13 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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This study examines the influence of the geometrical intensity of an emotional facial expression on the perceived intensity and the recognition accuracy. The stimuli consisted of synthetic faces at ten geometrical intensity levels in each of the five emotional categories. A curve-linear relationship was found between geometrical and perceived intensity. Steps of 20% geometrical intensity appear to be appropriate to enable the participants to distinguish the intensity levels. At about 30% geometrical intensity the recognition accuracy reached a level that was not significantly different from each emotions maximum recognition accuracy. This point indicates a categorical perception of the facial expressions. The results of this study are of particular importance for the developers of synthetic characters and might help them to create more subtle characters.