Communications of the ACM - Robots: intelligence, versatility, adaptivity
Subtle emotional expressions of synthetic characters
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Subtle expressivity for characters and robots
The utility of affect expression in natural language interactions in joint human-robot tasks
Proceedings of the 1st ACM SIGCHI/SIGART conference on Human-robot interaction
Robot expressionism through cartooning
Proceedings of the ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Head motions during dialogue speech and nod timing control in humanoid robots
Proceedings of the 5th ACM/IEEE international conference on Human-robot interaction
Artificial subtle expressions: intuitive notification methodology of artifacts
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Non-humanlike spoken dialogue: a design perspective
SIGDIAL '10 Proceedings of the 11th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue
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In this paper, motion-based Artificial Subtle Expression (ASE) as a novel implementation of ASE is described, in which a robot expresses confidence in its advice to a human. Confidence in advice is one of robot's useful internal states, and it is an important goal to develop a practical and inexpensive methodology to correctly express it. To achieve this goal, we propose motion-based ASE in which a robot slowly hesitates by turning to a human before giving advice with low confidence. We conducted experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of motion-based ASE with participants, and obtained promising results.