Using a human face in an interface
CHI '94 Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Adding animated presentation agents to the interface
Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Guiding the user through dynamically generated hypermedia presentations with a life-like character
IUI '98 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The role of expectations in human-computer interaction
GROUP '99 Proceedings of the international ACM SIGGROUP conference on Supporting group work
The impact of eye gaze on communication using humanoid avatars
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Creating Interactive Virtual Humans: Some Assembly Required
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Creating Emotion in Games: The Art and Craft of Emotioneering
Creating Emotion in Games: The Art and Craft of Emotioneering
Human Recognition of Familiar and Unfamiliar People in Naturalistic Video
AMFG '03 Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures
Analysis of emotion recognition using facial expressions, speech and multimodal information
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Subtle emotional expressions of synthetic characters
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Subtle expressivity for characters and robots
Evaluating a Computational Model of Emotion
Autonomous Agents and Multi-Agent Systems
Cross-Cultural Study of Avatar Expression Interpretations
SAINT '06 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Applications on Internet
Can a virtual cat persuade you?: the role of gender and realism in speaker persuasiveness
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments - Special issue: 2004 workshop on VR design and evaluation
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
HICSS '08 Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
The effect of dynamics on identifying basic emotions from synthetic and natural faces
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Human-Computer Interaction
Perceiving visual emotions with speech
IVA'06 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Intelligent Virtual Agents
Perceptual analysis of talking avatar head movements: a quantitative perspective
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
UAHCI'11 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Universal access in human-computer interaction: applications and services - Volume Part IV
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This study investigates effectiveness of a local high-fidelity 3D facial avatar for a global audience by observing how US and International student groups differed in identifying subjects and perceiving emotions while viewing nonverbal high-fidelity 3D facial avatar animations embedded with the motion data of three US individuals. To synthesize the animated 3D avatars to convey highly believable facial expressions, a 3D scanned facial model was mapped with high-fidelity motion-capture data of three native US subjects as they spoke designated English sentences with specified emotions. Simple animations in conjunction with actual footage of the subjects speaking during the facial motion-capture sessions were shown several times to both native US and international students in similar settings. After a familiarization process, we showed the students randomly arranged talking avatars without voices and asked them to identify the corresponding identities and emotional types of the subjects whose facial expressions were utilized in the creation of the avatars, and to rate their confidence in their selections. We found that the US group had higher success rates in subject identification, although the related difference in confidence ratings between two groups was not significant. The differences in the success rates and confidence ratings on the perception of emotion between the two groups were not significant either. The results of our study provide interesting insights into avatar-based interaction where the national and/or cultural background of a person impacts the perception of identity while having little effect on the perception of emotion. However, we observed that dynamics (e.g., head motion) could offset the disadvantage of cultural unfamiliarity in subject identification. We observed that both groups performed at a nearly identical level in subject identification and emotion perception when they were shown the avatar animation with heightened expression and dynamic intensities. In addition, we observed that the confidence ratings were correlated to accuracy in identifying the subject but not to accuracy in perceiving emotion.