SIMULA: an ALGOL-based simulation language
Communications of the ACM
Community Building on the Web: Secret Strategies for Successful Online Communities
Community Building on the Web: Secret Strategies for Successful Online Communities
Designing learning services: from content-based to activity-based learning systems
WWW '05 Special interest tracks and posters of the 14th international conference on World Wide Web
Towards Next Generation Activity-Based Web-Based Educational Systems
ICALT '05 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Learning Technologies
Adopt & adapt: structuring, sharing and reusing asynchronous collaborative pedagogy
ICLS '06 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Learning sciences
Patterns, designs and activities: unifying descriptions of learning structures
International Journal of Learning Technology
Learning technology specifications: semantic objects for adaptive learning environments
International Journal of Learning Technology
Adapting Process-Oriented Learning Design to Group Characteristics
Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Supporting Learning through Intelligent and Socially Informed Technology
CAMELEON: A Generic Model of Embodied Conversational Agent for e-Learning Portals
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Supporting Learning Flow through Integrative Technologies
CSCL'09 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Computer supported collaborative learning - Volume 2
MD2 method: the didactic materials creation from a model based perspective
EC-TEL'06 Proceedings of the First European conference on Technology Enhanced Learning: innovative Approaches for Learning and Knowledge Sharing
Learning design and run-time resource binding in a distributed e-learning environment
KLGW'05 Proceedings of the 1st international Kaleidoscope Learning Grid Special Interest Group conference on Distributed e-Learning Environments
Adaptive Assessments using Open Specifications
International Journal of Distance Education Technologies
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Learning technologies offer new opportunities to meet the rapidly growing demand for new, constructivist ways of learning (such as competency-based, collaborative or adaptive learning). They have the potential to act as catalysts for more effective exchange and reuse of learning objects to enable personalised learning. This article examines the extent to which current learning technology specifications contribute to educational change to actual sharing and reuse in educational practice. Furthermore, the article describes the need for an Educational Modelling Language centred on learning activities to give instructional meaning to learning objects. To date, specifications for learning objects have primarily been designed to ensure interoperability at a rather low infrastructural level (e.g., test items, meta-data), focusing on technology issues and reuse of learning objects. We argue that more widespread adoption of e-learning specifications and standards calls for a pedagogical framework at a higher infrastructural level (e.g., a complete course), focusing on the instructional value and reuse of learning activities. Such a framework is offered by the new Learning Design (LD) specification. LD enables the description of both learning content and processes from a variety of pedagogical perspectives, both objectivist and constructivist.