Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Interactive virtual angioscopy
Proceedings of the conference on Visualization '98
Real-Time Elastic Deformations of Soft Tissues for Surgery Simulation
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Real-time Collision Detection for Virtual Surgery
CA '99 Proceedings of the Computer Animation
Collision Detection
Introduction to web services architecture
IBM Systems Journal
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One of the essential requirements of a realistic surgical simulator is to reproduce haptic sensations due to the interactions in the virtual environment. However, the interaction need to be performed in real-time, since a delay between the user action and the system reaction reduces the immersion sensation. In this paper, a prototype of a coronary stent implant simulator is present; this system allows real-time interactions with an artery by means of a specific haptic device. The user can interactively navigate in a reconstructed artery and the force feedback is produced when contact occurs between the artery walls and the medical instruments. In order to obtain a realistic simulation, the Finite Element Method has been used to model the artery soft tissues, but several simplifications have been introduced to reduce the computational time and to speed up the interaction rate. The building of the virtual environment is based on real patients' images and a Web Portal is used to search in the geographically remote medical centres a virtual environment with specific features in terms of pathology or anatomy; this information are included in the metadata associated with the virtual environment.