A new distributed algorithm to find breadth first search trees
IEEE Transactions on Information Theory
On calibrating measurements of packet transit times
SIGMETRICS '98/PERFORMANCE '98 Proceedings of the 1998 ACM SIGMETRICS joint international conference on Measurement and modeling of computer systems
Wireless sensor networks: a survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Asymptotically optimal time synchronization in dense sensor networks
WSNA '03 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international conference on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Lightweight time synchronization for sensor networks
WSNA '03 Proceedings of the 2nd ACM international conference on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
The flooding time synchronization protocol
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Simulating the power consumption of large-scale sensor network applications
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts
OSDI '02 Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementationCopyright restrictions prevent ACM from being able to make the PDFs for this conference available for downloading
Minimum power configuration in wireless sensor networks
Proceedings of the 6th ACM international symposium on Mobile ad hoc networking and computing
Time-diffusion synchronization protocol for wireless sensor networks
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Synchronization in sensor networks: an overview
MILCOM'06 Proceedings of the 2006 IEEE conference on Military communications
A scalable synchronization protocol for large scale sensor networks and its applications
IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
Sensor networks with secure public-key over GF (2m)
ICACT'10 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Advanced communication technology
Computers and Electrical Engineering
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Time synchronization is crucial for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in performing a number of fundamental operations such as data coordination, power management, security, and localization. The Pairwise Broadcast Synchronization (PBS) protocol was recently proposed to minimize the number of timing messages required for global network synchronization, which enables the design of highly energy-efficient WSNs. However, PBS requires all nodes in the network to lie within the communication ranges of two leader nodes, a condition which might not be available in some applications. This paper proposes an extension of PBS to the more general class of sensor networks. Based on the hierarchical structure of the network, an energy-efficient pair selection algorithm is proposed to select the best pairwise synchronization sequence to reduce the overall energy consumption. It is shown that in a multicluster networking environment, PBS requires a far less number of timing messages than other well-known synchronization protocols and incurs no loss in synchronization accuracy. Moreover, the proposed scheme presents significant energy savings for densely deployed WSNs.