Introduction to algorithms
Next century challenges: scalable coordination in sensor networks
MobiCom '99 Proceedings of the 5th annual ACM/IEEE international conference on Mobile computing and networking
Wireless sensor networks for habitat monitoring
WSNA '02 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on Wireless sensor networks and applications
Wireless sensor networks: a survey
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Directed diffusion for wireless sensor networking
IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking (TON)
Wireless sensor networks: a new regime for time synchronization
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review
Fine-grained network time synchronization using reference broadcasts
ACM SIGOPS Operating Systems Review - OSDI '02: Proceedings of the 5th symposium on Operating systems design and implementation
Timing-sync protocol for sensor networks
Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
The flooding time synchronization protocol
SenSys '04 Proceedings of the 2nd international conference on Embedded networked sensor systems
Global Clock Synchronization in Sensor Networks
IEEE Transactions on Computers
A survey on wireless multimedia sensor networks
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
Extension of pairwise broadcast clock synchronization for multicluster sensor networks
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing
IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications
Review: A survey on cross-layer solutions for wireless sensor networks
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
WASA'11 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Wireless algorithms, systems, and applications
Average time synchronization in wireless sensor networks by pairwise messages
Computer Communications
Distributed routing for signal detection in wireless sensor networks
Computer Networks: The International Journal of Computer and Telecommunications Networking
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Recently, a time synchronization algorithm called Pairwise Broadcast Synchronization (PBS) is proposed. With PBS, a sensor can be synchronized by overhearing synchronization packet exchange among its neighbouring sensors without sending out any packet itself. In an one-hop sensor network where every node is a neighbour of each other, a single PBS message exchange between two nodes would facilitate all nodes to synchronize. However, in a multi-hop sensor network, PBS message exchanges in several node pairs are needed in order to achieve network-wide synchronization. To reduce the number of message exchanges, these node pairs should be carefully chosen. In this paper, we investigate how to choose these "appropriate" sensors aiming at reducing the number of PBS message exchanges while allowing every node to synchronize. This selection problem is shown to be NP-complete, for which the greedy heuristic is a good polynomial-time approximation algorithm. Nevertheless, a centralized algorithm is not suitable for wireless sensor networks. Therefore, we develop a distributed heuristic algorithm allowing a sensor to determine how to synchronize itself based on its neighbourhood information only. The protocol is tested through extensive simulations. The simulation results reveal that the proposed protocol gives consistent performance under different conditions with its performance comparable to that of the centralized algorithm.