UML 2001: a standardization odyssey
Communications of the ACM
UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modeling Language
UML Distilled: A Brief Guide to the Standard Object Modeling Language
Service Process Innovation: A Case Study of BPMN in Practice
HICSS '08 Proceedings of the Proceedings of the 41st Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences
A study of the evolution of the representational capabilities of process modeling grammars
CAiSE'06 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering
Conceptual modelling in 3D virtual worlds for process communication
APCCM '10 Proceedings of the Seventh Asia-Pacific Conference on Conceptual Modelling - Volume 110
IT requirements of business process management in practice - an empirical study
BPM'10 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Business process management
Designing quality business processes for E-government digital services
EGOV'10 Proceedings of the 9th IFIP WG 8.5 international conference on Electronic government
Interaction-centric modeling of process choreographies
Information Systems
RuleML'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Semantic web rules
The variety engineering method: analyzing and designing information flows in organizations
Information Systems and e-Business Management
Lightweight collaboration management
Proceedings of the 3rd and 4th International Workshop on Web APIs and Services Mashups
Analysing the cognitive effectiveness of the BPMN 2.0 visual notation
SLE'10 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Software language engineering
Requirements elicitation using BPM notations: focusing on the strategic level representation
ACACOS'11 Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS international conference on Applied computer and applied computational science
Editorial: Mining business process variants: Challenges, scenarios, algorithms
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Wikiing pro: semantic wiki-based process editor
Proceedings of the sixth international conference on Knowledge capture
Wiki-based maturing of process descriptions
BPM'11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Business process management
Perceived consistency between process models
Information Systems
BPMN: An introduction to the standard
Computer Standards & Interfaces
A process distance metric based on alignment of process structure trees
APWeb'12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Web Technologies and Applications
Approaches to modeling business processes: a critical analysis of BPMN, workflow patterns and YAWL
Software and Systems Modeling (SoSyM)
Generating natural language texts from business process models
CAiSE'12 Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Advanced Information Systems Engineering
What makes a good process model?
Software and Systems Modeling (SoSyM)
On the Usage of Labels and Icons in Business Process Modeling
International Journal of Information System Modeling and Design
Inter-Sector Practices Reform for e-Government Integration Efficacy
Journal of Cases on Information Technology
Semantic work process analysis: a reflexive stakeholder articulation approach
Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics
Form-Based Web Service Composition for Domain Experts
ACM Transactions on the Web (TWEB)
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Detection of naming convention violations in process models for different languages
Decision Support Systems
Process fragmentation, distribution and execution using an event-based interaction scheme
Journal of Systems and Software
Corpus-based terminological evaluation of ontologies
Applied Ontology - Ontologies and Terminologies: Continuum or Dichotomy?
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The Business Process Modeling Notation (BPMN) is an increasingly important industry standard for the graphical representation of business processes. BPMN offers a wide range of modeling constructs, significantly more than other popular languages. However, not all of these constructs are equally important in practice as business analysts frequently use arbitrary subsets of BPMN. In this paper we investigate what these subsets are, and how they differ between academic, consulting, and general use of the language. We analyzed 120 BPMN diagrams using mathematical and statistical techniques. Our findings indicate that BPMN is used in groups of several, well-defined construct clusters, but less than 20% of its vocabulary is regularly used and some constructs did not occur in any of the models we analyzed. While the average model contains just 9 different BPMN constructs, models of this complexity have typically just 4-5 constructs in common, which means that only a small agreed subset of BPMN has emerged. Our findings have implications for the entire ecosystems of analysts and modelers in that they provide guidance on how to reduce language complexity, which should increase the ease and speed of process modeling.