The cognitive walkthrough method: a practitioner's guide
Usability inspection methods
Using GOMS for user interface design and evaluation: which technique?
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Device-dependant modality selection for user-interfaces: an empirical study
Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent user interfaces
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
The Psychology of Human-Computer Interaction
When do we interact multimodally?: cognitive load and multimodal communication patterns
Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Olfoto: designing a smell-based interaction
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Evaluating usability based on multimodal information: an empirical study
Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
A novel method for multi-sensory data fusion in multimodal human computer interaction
OZCHI '06 Proceedings of the 18th Australia conference on Computer-Human Interaction: Design: Activities, Artefacts and Environments
Human-Computer Interaction
Towards a Multidimensional Approach for the Evaluation of Multimodal Application User Interfaces
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part II: Novel Interaction Methods and Techniques
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The design and evaluation of multimodal systems has traditionally been a craft skill. There are some well established heuristics, guidelines and frameworks for assessing multimodal interactions, but no established methodologies that focus on the design of the interaction between user and system in context. In this paper, we present EMU, a systematic evaluation methodology for reasoning about the usability of an interactive system in terms of the modalities of interaction. We illustrate its application using an example of in-car navigation. EMU fills a niche in the repertoire of analytical evaluation approaches by focusing on the quality of interaction in terms of the modalities of interaction, how modalities are integrated, and where there may be interaction breakdowns due to modality clashes, synchronisation difficulties or distractions.