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Systematic software development using VDM
Automating the design of graphical presentations of relational information
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
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Specification of computer programs
The visual display of quantitative information
The visual display of quantitative information
A comparison of techniques for the specification of external system behavior
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The Z notation: a reference manual
The Z notation: a reference manual
Modern structured analysis
Cognitive dimensions of notations
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Software requirements: objects, functions, and states
Software requirements: objects, functions, and states
Object-oriented modeling and design
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Why looking isn't always seeing: readership skills and graphical programming
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Communications of the ACM
Software requirements & specifications: a lexicon of practice, principles and prejudices
Software requirements & specifications: a lexicon of practice, principles and prejudices
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Software—Practice & Experience
Visual programming in a visual domain: a case study of cognitive dimensions
HCI '94 Proceedings of the conference on People and computers IX
Software engineering (5th ed.)
Software engineering (5th ed.)
A taxonomy and evaluation of formalisms for the specification of interactive systems
HCI '95 Proceedings of the HCI'95 conference on People and computers X
External cognition: how do graphical representations work?
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The Desktop Multimedia Bible
Software System Development: A Gentle Introduction
Software System Development: A Gentle Introduction
Requirements Engineering: A Good Practice Guide
Requirements Engineering: A Good Practice Guide
Systems Analysis and Design
Requirements Engineering: Processes and Techniques
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Systems Construction and Analysis: A Mathematical and Logical Framework
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Formally Comparing and Informing Notation Design
HCI 97 Proceedings of HCI on People and Computers XII
Analysis of Software System Requirements Models
ASWEC '96 Proceedings of the 1996 Australian Software Engineering Conference
Requirements for Requirements Engineering Technique
ICRE '96 Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Requirements Engineering (ICRE '96)
The Non-Designer's Design Book, Second Edition
The Non-Designer's Design Book, Second Edition
Applying cognitive dimensions to evaluate and improve the usability of Z formalism
SEKE '02 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Software engineering and knowledge engineering
Evaluating the Intelligibility of Diagrammatic Languages Used in the Specification of Software
Diagrams '00 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Theory and Application of Diagrams
CT '01 Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Cognitive Technology: Instruments of Mind
Introduction to this special issue on representations in interactive systems development
Human-Computer Interaction
Exploring Human Factors in Formal Diagram Usage
Engineering Interactive Systems
Software Language Engineering
An investigation into the validation of formalised cognitive dimensions
DSVIS'06 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Interactive systems: Design, specification, and verification
Analysing the cognitive effectiveness of the BPMN 2.0 visual notation
SLE'10 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Software language engineering
Analysing the cognitive effectiveness of the UCM visual notation
SAM'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on System analysis and modeling: about models
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It is generally recognized that choice of languages can have a significant effect on the system development process, particularly in the early stages. In the development of interactive systems, it is essential that all stakeholders are able to participate in a meaningful way. To do this, they must be able to understand representations of key concepts produced by the developers, especially those relating to problems and requirements for the system. Some stakeholders, such as clients and potential users of the system, may be unfamiliar with the languages used by system developers. They may therefore, find it difficult to understand representations produced using such languages well enough to give useful feed-back to the developer. In this article, we identify the ease of understanding representations as a key Issue for interactive system development and consider how the notion ease of understanding may be defined in this context. We then discuss an approach to evaluating software specification languages in terms of properties that may affect the understandability of representations and that may be amenable to objective measurement. Our intention is to use the results of this work to (a) help to classify existing languages in terms of ease of understanding, (b) provide a rational basis for predicting understandability in proposed new languages, and (c) help developers to use current languages in more imaginative ways so that they can produce representations that are easier to understand.