Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Swarm intelligence
Evolving collective behavior in an artificial ecology
Artificial Life
Artificial chemistries—a review
Artificial Life
Self-Organization in Biological Systems
Self-Organization in Biological Systems
Evolvable self-replicating molecules in an artificial chemistry
Artificial Life
Self-Replication and Self-Assembly for Manufacturing
Artificial Life
Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence
Fundamentals of Computational Swarm Intelligence
Applications of Evolutionary Computing: EvoWorkshops 2006: EvoBIO, EvoCOMNET, EvoHOT, EvoIASP, EvoINTERACTION, EvoMUSART, and EvoSTOC, Budapest, Hungary, ... (Lecture Notes in Computer Science)
Applications of Evolutionary Computing: EvoWorkshops 2007 EvoCOMNET, EvoFIN, EvoIASP, EvoINTERACTION, EvoMUSART, EvoSTOC, and EvoTransLog, Valencia, Spain, ... Computer Science and General Issues)
ECAL'07 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Advances in artificial life
Application notes: robust morphogenesis of robotic swarms
IEEE Computational Intelligence Magazine
Morphologies of self-organizing swarms in 3D swarm chemistry
Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
A review of morphogenetic engineering
Natural Computing: an international journal
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We propose swarm chemistry, a new artificial chemistry framework that uses artificial swarm populations as chemical reactants. Reaction in swarm chemistry is not determined by predefined reaction rules as commonly assumed in typical artificial chemistry studies, but is spontaneously achieved by the emergence of a new spatiotemporal pattern of collective behavior through the kinetic interaction between multiple chemical species. We developed a prototype of an interactive simulation tool with which one can explore the dynamics of swarm chemistry using an interactive evolutionary method. Several preliminary results are reported to illustrate the characteristics and effectiveness of this framework, including spontaneous segregation of distinct chemical species, production and restriction of movements, and interactive design of complex biological-looking structures.