Automatic Interpretation and Coding of Face Images Using Flexible Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Neural Network-Based Face Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Mean Shift: A Robust Approach Toward Feature Space Analysis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face Detection in Color Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
ECCV '98 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II - Volume II
Rule-Based Labeling of CT Head Image
AIME '97 Proceedings of the 6th Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine in Europe
Training Support Vector Machines: an Application to Face Detection
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
Interpreting Face Images Using Active Appearance Models
FG '98 Proceedings of the 3rd. International Conference on Face & Gesture Recognition
View-Based Active Appearance Models
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Mean Shift Analysis and Applications
ICCV '99 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision-Volume 2 - Volume 2
Robust Real-Time Face Detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
Real-Time Face Detection Using Boosting in Hierarchical Feature Spaces
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 2 - Volume 02
A Generative Sketch Model for Human Hair Analysis and Synthesis
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Low Level Image Segmentation: An Expert System
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face segmentation using skin-color map in videophone applications
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Segmentation and labeling of face images for electronic documents
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
A multi-classifier approach to face image segmentation for travel documents
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Image segmentation using Atanassov's intuitionistic fuzzy sets
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Automated conformance testing for ISO/IEC 19794-5 Standard on facial photo specifications
International Journal of Biometrics
Hi-index | 12.06 |
Robust image analysis of photographs for personal documents has been an important open research problem for many years and the interest has been increased by introduction of electronic personal documents, which contain personal digital photographs. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) has defined a set of recommendations defining minimal quality requirements that personal photographs stored in electronic personal documents must satisfy. Some image quality requirements apply only to certain image regions so exact position and location of the image regions has to be known in advance. In this paper, we propose a new knowledge-based method for segmentation of color personal photographs into five regions: skin, hair, shoulders, background, and padding frame. Prior to application of our method, the input image has to be normalized so that both eyes of a person are at the predefined positions within the image. To the best of our knowledge, no method for analysis of personal document photographs has been published in the literature that performs such segmentation. The proposed method consists of two main steps: (i) mean-shift segmentation step; and (ii) region labeling step based on a rule-based expert system. The most important component of the system is a set of rules specifically developed to enable robust labeling of personal document image regions. Extensive experimental validation has been conducted on four image sets and has demonstrated the accuracy and robustness of the proposed method.