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The paper reviews problems, solutions, and trends in the area of firmware quality assurance. Firmware quality assurance is considered to be the certification of the fact that a firmware system meets its requirements with respect to functional correctness as well as performance, operational, and implementational properties. The emphasis of the paper is on formal correctness proofs, firmware testing, and the automatic synthesis of microcode and associated hardware structures. Firmware specifications, high-level microprogramming languages, and automated support tools are discussed as they relate to these areas. The impact of advances and trends in very large-scale integration (VLSI) on the techniques and tools for firmware quality assurance is reviewed. The observation is made that valuable results have been obtained in the areas of firmware correctness proofs and firmware testing. However, further improvements are needed to cope with the complexity of VLSI. An alternative that may overcome the limitations of these two approaches is automated synthesis of firmware and hardware and design for testability.