The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Collaborative virtual environments
Empathic agents to reduce user frustration: The effects of varying agent characteristics
Interacting with Computers
Using mobile phones for promoting water conservation
Proceedings of the 23rd Australian Computer-Human Interaction Conference
PERSUASIVE'10 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Persuasive Technology
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Electronic Commerce
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Nowadays, many advertising campaigns attempt to persuade people to perform a specific behavior. In response to such messages, people can comply and adapt their behavior in the proposed direction. However, people can also experience psychological reactance, which may lead to the complete opposite of the target behavior. In the present study, we were interested in the social nature of psychological reactance. According to Social Agency Theory [12], more social cues lead to more social interaction. We suggest that this also holds for psychological reactance. We argue that there is a positive relation between the level of social agency of the source of a message and the level of psychological reactance that this message can arouse. In an online study, participants received low-controlling or high-controlling advice about energy conservation. This advice was delivered either solely as text, as text with a still picture of a robotic agent, or as text with a brief film clip of the same robotic agent. Results showed that a high-controlling advisory message resulted in more reactance than a low-controlling advisory message. Confirming our expectancies, stronger social agency of the messenger led to more psychological reactance. Implications are discussed.