Building problem solvers
The Architecture of Why2-Atlas: A Coach for Qualitative Physics Essay Writing
ITS '02 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems
Maintaining consistency and plausibility in integrated natural language understanding
COLING '88 Proceedings of the 12th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Default reasoning in natural language processing
COLING '88 Proceedings of the 12th conference on Computational linguistics - Volume 2
Journal of Automated Reasoning
The Andes Physics Tutoring System: Lessons Learned
International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education
User modeling and problem-space representation in the tutor runtime engine
UM'03 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on User modeling
Combining Bayesian Networks and Formal Reasoning for Semantic Classification of Student Utterances
Proceedings of the 2007 conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education: Building Technology Rich Learning Contexts That Work
Understanding complex natural language explanations in tutorial applications
ScaNaLU '06 Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Scalable Natural Language Understanding
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Analyzing coverage of a student's utterance or essay (completeness) and diagnosing errors (correctness) can be treated as a diagnosis problem and solved using a well-known technique for model-based diagnosis: an assumption-based truth maintenance system (ATMS). The function-free first-order predicate logic (FOPL) representation of the essay is matched with nodes of the ATMS that are then analyzed for being within the sound part of the closure or relying on a particular mis-conception. If the matched nodes are sound they are analyzed for representing a particular required physics statement. If they do not represent the required statement, a neighborhood (antecedent and consequent nodes within N inference steps) of these nodes can be analyzed for matching the statement, to give a measure of how far the student utterance is, in terms of a number of inferences, from the desired one.