Fast constructive-solid geometry display in the pixel-powers graphics system
SIGGRAPH '86 Proceedings of the 13th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A physically based model for icicle growth
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
Realistic, hardware-accelerated shading and lighting
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Texture and reflection in computer generated images
Communications of the ACM
Illumination for computer generated pictures
Communications of the ACM
Proceedings of the 2002 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Visual simulation of ice crystal growth
Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
A hybrid algorithm for modeling ice formation
SCA '04 Proceedings of the 2004 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
An approximate image-space approach for interactive refraction
ACM SIGGRAPH 2005 Papers
Interactive refraction on complex static geometry using spherical harmonics
I3D '06 Proceedings of the 2006 symposium on Interactive 3D graphics and games
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We present a method for implementing visual appearance of ice and its most important characteristics in real-time. The proposed method is capable of filling a given convex geometry with air particles and bubbles as well as adding an arbitrary amount of cracks. Techniques are presented for creating a bumpy and irregular surface that multiply reflects and refracts the environment. An improved image space technique for clipping a geometry using the Boolean difference of two geometries is presented as well. This technique is used on the cracks to clip them against the ice's geometry. The reflection and refraction effects on the ice are implemented by using environment mapping. Two-sided refraction is accomplished by combining the normal vectors of the front and back side of the ice object. The result is ice with convincing visual appearance rendered in real-time using modern graphics hardware.