Flocks, herds and schools: A distributed behavioral model
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
A mathematical model for the behavior of pedestrians
Behavioral Science
Multi-level direction of autonomous creatures for real-time virtual environments
SIGGRAPH '95 Proceedings of the 22nd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Hierarchical Model for Real Time Simulation of Virtual Human Crowds
IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics
Reactive Pedestrian Path Following from Examples
CASA '03 Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Computer Animation and Social Agents (CASA 2003)
VUEMS: A Virtual Urban Environment Modeling System
CGI '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Graphics International
Intuitive Crowd Behaviour in Dense Urban Environments using Local Laws
TPCG '03 Proceedings of the Theory and Practice of Computer Graphics 2003
Proceedings of the 2005 ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics symposium on Computer animation
Scalable pedestrian simulation for virtual cities
Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology
Steering Behaviors for Autonomous Vehicles in Virtual Environments
VR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Conference 2005 on Virtual Reality
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Much research on modeling pedestrians has focused either on individual navigation and control or on simulating large crowds composed of many individuals. But many pedestrians travel in small groups of two to five or a few more. This paper describes improved real-time pedestrian behaviors that include support for small groups. We present our model for autonomous navigation of individuals, and then extend it to support small groups. We demonstrate our approach by using it to drive a commercial motion generation engine that produces high quality pedestrian animation.