A multilevel algorithm for partitioning graphs
Supercomputing '95 Proceedings of the 1995 ACM/IEEE conference on Supercomputing
An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms
An Introduction to Genetic Algorithms
Introduction to Algorithms
The Ant System Applied to the Quadratic Assignment Problem
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Watermarking Document Images with Bounding Box Expansion
Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Information Hiding
A Feature Calibration Method For Watermarking Of Document Images
ICDAR '99 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Document Analysis and Recognition
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Parallel Computing - Special issue: Parallel and nature-inspired computational paradigms and applications
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IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
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IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
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IEEE Transactions on Evolutionary Computation
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IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
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IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Rotation, scale, and translation resilient watermarking for images
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Multipurpose image watermarking algorithm based on multistage vector quantization
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Fuzzy-ART based adaptive digital watermarking scheme
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
A robust biometric dual watermarking technique with hand vein patterns for digital images
International Journal of Biometrics
Adaptive visible watermarking in Hadamard domain for digital images
International Journal of Information and Computer Security
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In this paper, a new document image watermarking method based on a secure partitioning scheme is proposed and tested. In the method, a document image is securely divided into weight-invariant partitions, followed by selectively modifying characters to embed watermarks. The high security of a watermark results from applying a probabilistic metaheuristic algorithm, namely the Ant Colony System (ACS), to approximate the involved Bottleneck Hamiltonian Path Problem to generate key-dependent image partitions. For better efficiency, the farthest point heuristic and the multi scale strategy are introduced into the ant colony system. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed watermarking scheme is secure, efficient, and robust to common attacks. The proposed secure partition scheme could serve as a general framework to introduce high security to prevailing watermarking techniques.