Affective computing
Vocal communication of emotion: a review of research paradigms
Speech Communication - Special issue on speech and emotion
The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind
The Emotion Machine: Commonsense Thinking, Artificial Intelligence, and the Future of the Human Mind
A user-independent real-time emotion recognition system for software agents in domestic environments
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Using noninvasive wearable computers to recognize human emotions from physiological signals
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Guest editorial: Wearable computing and artificial intelligence for healthcare applications
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Fully generated scripted dialogue for embodied agents
Artificial Intelligence
Ambient Intelligence: A Multimedia Perspective
IEEE MultiMedia
A Survey of Affect Recognition Methods: Audio, Visual, and Spontaneous Expressions
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Fundamentals of physiological computing
Interacting with Computers
Toward Practical Smile Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Automatic temporal segment detection and affect recognition from face and body display
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics - Special issue on human computing
Affective negotiation support systems
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments
Affective Signal Processing (ASP): Unraveling the mystery of emotions, by Egon L. van den Broek
Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Smart Environments
Ubiquitous emotion-aware computing
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Cross-validation of bimodal health-related stress assessment
Personal and Ubiquitous Computing
Affective computing: a reverence for a century of research
COST'11 Proceedings of the 2011 international conference on Cognitive Behavioural Systems
Measuring emotions of robot operators in urban search and rescue missions
Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Cognitive Ergonomics
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Emotions are acknowledged as a crucial element for artificial intelligence; this is, as is illustrated, no different for Ambient Intelligence (AmI). Unobtrusive Sensing of Emotions (USE) is introduced to enrich AmI with empathic abilities. USE coins the combination of speech and the electrocardiogram (ECG) as a powerful and unique combination to unravel people's emotions. In a controlled study, 40 people watched film scenes, in either an office or a home-like setting. It is shown that, when people's gender is taken into account, both heart rate variability (derived from the ECG) and the standard deviation of the fundamental frequency of speech indicate people's experienced valence and arousal, in parallel. As such, both measures validate each other. Thus, through USE reliable cues can be derived that indicate the emotional state of people, in particular when also people's environment is taken into account. Since all this is crucial for both AI and true AmI, this study provides a first significant leap forward in making AmI a success.