The media equation: how people treat computers, television, and new media like real people and places
Human conversation as a system framework: designing embodied conversational agents
Embodied conversational agents
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: Subtle expressivity for characters and robots
Establishing and maintaining long-term human-computer relationships
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
Catch me if you can: exploring lying agents in social settings
Proceedings of the fourth international joint conference on Autonomous agents and multiagent systems
Understanding the effect of life-like interface agents through users' eye movements
ICMI '05 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Lecture Notes in Computer Science
From brows to trust: evaluating embodied conversational agents
From brows to trust: evaluating embodied conversational agents
Explorations in engagement for humans and robots
Artificial Intelligence
Assessing the effects of building social intelligence in a robotic interface for the home
Interacting with Computers
Evaluating talking heads for smart home systems
ICMI '08 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Avatars in Assistive Homes for the Elderly
USAB '08 Proceedings of the 4th Symposium of the Workgroup Human-Computer Interaction and Usability Engineering of the Austrian Computer Society on HCI and Usability for Education and Work
Emotion classification using massive examples extracted from the web
COLING '08 Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Computational Linguistics - Volume 1
Comparison of Different Talking Heads in Non-Interactive Settings
Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part III: Ubiquitous and Intelligent Interaction
Multimodal behavior realization for embodied conversational agents
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Enhancing referential success by tracking hearer gaze
SIGDIAL '12 Proceedings of the 13th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue
Performing with a system's intention: embodied cues in performer-system interaction
Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Creativity & Cognition
Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems: Applications in Engineering and Technology
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We survey recent research in which the impact of an embodied conversational agent on human-computer interaction has been assessed through a human evaluation. In some cases, the evaluation involved comparing different versions of the agent against itself in the context of a full interactive system; in others, it measured the effect on user perception of spoken output of specific aspects of the embodied agent's behaviour. In almost all of the studies, an embodied agent that displays appropriate non-verbal behaviour was found to enhance the interaction.