A morphable model for the synthesis of 3D faces
Proceedings of the 26th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
An Evaluation of Multimodal 2D+3D Face Biometrics
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Matching 2.5D Face Scans to 3D Models
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A gentle introduction to bilateral filtering and its applications
ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 courses
An Efficient Multimodal 2D-3D Hybrid Approach to Automatic Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A facial feature tracker for human-computer interaction based on 3D Time-Of-Flight cameras
International Journal of Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications
Robust real-time 3D head pose estimation from range data
Pattern Recognition
Editorial: Special issue on Time-of-Flight camera based computer vision
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
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One of the fundamental benefits of 3D range data, as opposed to 2D images, is the pose invariance of 3D geometrical information. Time-of-flight (TOF) cameras provide such range data at a high temporal, but so far only at a medium spatial resolution. We present an algorithm to detect the tip of the nose in TOF range data, where the subjects' head pose varies between -90^o and 90^o around the vertical axis (yaw) and between -30^o and 30^o in pitch rotation. The main idea is to rotate the head around a virtual head axis and extract the silhouettes for all rotations in 5^o steps. To find the correct rotation and the tip of the nose, we compare these extracted silhouettes to an average head profile template, which was calculated from 200 high resolution laser-scans. In a test set of 120 TOF scans of 10 different persons, the detected nose tip was within 10mm from the correct position in 89% and within 25mm in 97.5% of the cases.