The FERET Evaluation Methodology for Face-Recognition Algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Multi-biometrics using facial appearance, shape and temperature
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Integration of 2D and 3D images for enhanced face authentication
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
A survey of approaches and challenges in 3D and multi-modal 3D + 2D face recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Multiple Nose Region Matching for 3D Face Recognition under Varying Facial Expression
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Intraclass Retrieval of Nonrigid 3D Objects: Application to Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face recognition using 2D and disparity eigenface
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Illumination Invariant Face Recognition Using Near-Infrared Images
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Evaluation and analysis of a face and voice outdoor multi-biometric system
Pattern Recognition Letters
2D and 3D face recognition: A survey
Pattern Recognition Letters
RegionBoost learning for 2D+3D based face recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Journal on Image and Video Processing
Orthogonal neighborhood preserving discriminant analysis for face recognition
Pattern Recognition
Image understanding for iris biometrics: A survey
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
3D face verification using a free-parts approach
Pattern Recognition Letters
3D face recognition by constructing deformation invariant image
Pattern Recognition Letters
Using backpropagation neural network for face recognition with 2D+3D hybrid information
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
A fuzzy approach to multimodal biometric continuous authentication
Fuzzy Optimization and Decision Making
Image Level Fusion Method for Multimodal 2D + 3D Face Recognition
ICIAR '08 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Impostor Users Discovery Using a Multimodal Biometric Continuous Authentication Fuzzy System
KES '08 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems, Part II
3D Face Recognition Evaluation on Expressive Faces Using the IV2 Database
ACIVS '08 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems
An Expression Deformation Approach to Non-rigid 3D Face Recognition
International Journal of Computer Vision
An Intrinsic Framework for Analysis of Facial Surfaces
International Journal of Computer Vision
Identity Management in Face Recognition Systems
Biometrics and Identity Management
3D Face Recognition Using R-ICP and Geodesic Coupled Approach
MMM '09 Proceedings of the 15th International Multimedia Modeling Conference on Advances in Multimedia Modeling
A multimodal approach for 3D face modeling and recognition using 3D deformable facial mask
Machine Vision and Applications
A 3D face matching framework for facial curves
Graphical Models
A supervised method to discriminate between impostors and genuine in biometry
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Automatic 3D face recognition from depth and intensity Gabor features
Pattern Recognition
The 3DID face alignment system for verifying identity
Image and Vision Computing
3D Face Recognition Using Joint Differential Invariants
ICB '09 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Biometrics
A First Approach to Contact-Based Biometrics for User Authentication
ICB '09 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Biometrics
Image Averaging for Improved Iris Recognition
ICB '09 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Biometrics
A bi-modal face recognition framework integrating facial expression with facial appearance
Pattern Recognition Letters
Multimodal biometrics: state of the art in fusion techniques
International Journal of Biometrics
A method towards biometric feature fusion
International Journal of Biometrics
Robust palmprint verification using 2D and 3D features
Pattern Recognition
Head Pose Estimation from Passive Stereo Images
SCIA '09 Proceedings of the 16th Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis
A 3D Face Model for Pose and Illumination Invariant Face Recognition
AVSS '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance
Compact Signatures for 3D Face Recognition under Varying Expressions
AVSS '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance
A survey of approaches and challenges in 3D and multi-modal 3D+2D face recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Three-dimensional facial surface modeling applied to recognition
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans - Special section: Best papers from the 2007 biometrics: Theory, applications, and systems (BTAS 07) conference
Comparison of spectral-only and spectral/spatial face recognition for personal identity verification
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing - Special issue on recent advances in biometric systems: a signal processing perspective
A Framework for Long Distance Face Recognition Using Dense - and Sparse-Stereo Reconstruction
ISVC '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing: Part I
ISVC '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing: Part II
Iris recognition using signal-level fusion of frames from video
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security - Special issue on electronic voting
Partial matching of interpose 3D facial data for face recognition
BTAS'09 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international conference on Biometrics: Theory, applications and systems
Discriminating 3D faces by statistics of depth differences
ACCV'07 Proceedings of the 8th Asian conference on Computer vision - Volume Part II
A 3D face recognition algorithm based on nonuniform re-sampling correspondence
ISVC'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Advances in visual computing - Volume Part II
ICVS'08 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Computer vision systems
Feature distribution modelling techniques for 3D face verification
Pattern Recognition Letters
Tracking vertex flow and model adaptation for three-dimensional spatiotemporal face analysis
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans - Special issue on recent advances in biometrics
From 3D Point Clouds to Pose-Normalised Depth Maps
International Journal of Computer Vision
Aligned texture map creation for pose invariant face recognition
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Pose-insensitive nose detection in TOF-scans
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Anthropometric 3D Face Recognition
International Journal of Computer Vision
Robust 3D face recognition based on resolution invariant features
Pattern Recognition Letters
Three-Dimensional Occlusion Detection and Restoration of Partially Occluded Faces
Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision
Mixed 2D-3D information for face recognition
Transactions on edutainment V
A comparison of genetic feature selection and weighting techniques for multi-biometric recognition
Proceedings of the 49th Annual Southeast Regional Conference
Real-time 3D face recognition with the integration of depth and intensity images
ICIAR'11 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Image analysis and recognition - Volume Part II
Learning to fuse 3d+2d based face recognition at both feature and decision levels
AMFG'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Analysis and Modelling of Faces and Gestures
Automatic 3d face recognition using discriminant common vectors
ICB'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Highly accurate and fast face recognition using near infrared images
ICB'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
2D representation of facial surfaces for multi-pose 3D face recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Designing multiple classifier systems for face recognition
MCS'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Multiple Classifier Systems
Multi-biometrics 2d and 3d ear recognition
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
3D face matching using the surface interpenetration measure
ICIAP'05 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Image Analysis and Processing
ECCV'06 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
Learning effective intrinsic features to boost 3d-based face recognition
ECCV'06 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
Distinguishing Facial Features for Ethnicity-Based 3D Face Recognition
ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology (TIST)
Sensor interoperability and fusion in signature verification: a case study using tablet PC
IWBRS'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Advances in Biometric Person Authentication
A cascade fusion scheme for gait and cumulative foot pressure image recognition
Pattern Recognition
A structured template based 3D face recognition approach
Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Image and Vision Computing New Zealand
Multi-pose 3D face recognition based on 2D sparse representation
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
A novel framework for automatic 3D face recognition using quality assessment
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Biometric fusion by simulated annealing
International Journal of Knowledge-based and Intelligent Engineering Systems
Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems: Applications in Engineering and Technology
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We report on the largest experimental study to date in multimodal 2D+3D face recognition, involving 198 persons in the gallery and either 198 or 670 time-lapse probe images. PCA-based methods are used separately for each modality and match scores in the separate face spaces are combined for multimodal recognition. Major conclusions are: 1) 2D and 3D have similar recognition performance when considered individually, 2) combining 2D and 3D results using a simple weighting scheme outperforms either 2D or 3D alone, 3) combining results from two or more 2D images using a similar weighting scheme also outperforms a single 2D image, and 4) combined 2D+3D outperforms the multiimage 2D result. This is the first (so far, only) work to present such an experimental control to substantiate multimodal performance improvement.