IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Hybrid Biometric Person Authentication Using Face and Voice Features
AVBPA '01 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition
Handbook of Fingerprint Recognition
Parallel Neural Learning by Iteratively Adjusting Error Thresholds
ICPADS '98 Proceedings of the 1998 International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Systems
Information fusion in biometrics
Pattern Recognition Letters - Special issue: Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication (AVBPA 2001)
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Guide to Biometrics
Multimodal biometrics: issues in design and testing
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
A single-sensor hand geometry and palmprint verification system
WBMA '03 Proceedings of the 2003 ACM SIGMM workshop on Biometrics methods and applications
Information Fusion in Face Identification
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 3 - Volume 03
Unobtrusive user identification with light biometrics
Proceedings of the third Nordic conference on Human-computer interaction
Large-Scale Evaluation of Multimodal Biometric Authentication Using State-of-the-Art Systems
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
An Evaluation of Multimodal 2D+3D Face Biometrics
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Generation of 3D Facial Expressions Using 2D Facial Image
Proceedings of the Fourth Annual ACIS International Conference on Computer and Information Science
ARES '06 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security
Handbook of Multibiometrics (International Series on Biometrics)
Handbook of Multibiometrics (International Series on Biometrics)
Audio-visual multimodal fusion for biometric person authentication and liveness verification
MMUI '05 Proceedings of the 2005 NICTA-HCSNet Multimodal User Interaction Workshop - Volume 57
Performance Prediction for Multimodal Biometrics
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 03
Quality-based Score Level Fusion in Multibiometric Systems
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 04
Multi-Biometrics Fusion for Identity Verification
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 04
Likelihood Ratio-Based Biometric Score Fusion
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
FES: A System for Combining Face, Ear and Signature Biometrics Using Rank Level Fusion
ITNG '08 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations
Multi Modal Verification for Teleservices and Security Applications (MZVTS)
ICMCS '99 Proceedings of the 1999 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia Computing and Systems - Volume 02
Combined handwriting and speech modalities for user authentication
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans - Special section: Best papers from the 2007 biometrics: Theory, applications, and systems (BTAS 07) conference
Score normalization in multimodal biometric systems
Pattern Recognition
Localized iris image quality using 2-d wavelets
ICB'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Fingerprint quality indices for predicting authentication performance
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
A principled approach to score level fusion in multimodal biometric systems
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Exploiting global and local decisions for multimodal biometrics verification
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing - Part II
A Comparative Study of Fingerprint Image-Quality Estimation Methods
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Combination of hyperbolic functions for multimodal biometrics data fusion
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Personal recognition using hand shape and texture
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
A reduced multivariate polynomial model for multimodal biometrics and classifiers fusion
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Fusion of face and speech data for person identity verification
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Face liveness detection from a single image with sparse low rank bilinear discriminative model
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Computer vision: Part VI
How to handle missing data in robust multi-biometrics verification
International Journal of Biometrics
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The concept of multimodal biometrics is gaining importance to realise reliable, accurate and robust authentication systems. In multimodal biometrics, information fusion can be done at various levels: sensor level, feature level, match-score level, rank level and decision level. This paper surveys the issues of fusion at different levels and recent researches addressing these issues. Furthermore, there are several fusion rules available to combine biometric traits at different levels of fusion. We have reviewed the recent approaches of fusion rules. A comparison of the state-of-the-art fusion techniques has been made to comprehend their merits and demerits.