Decision Combination in Multiple Classifier Systems
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Optimal combinations of pattern classifiers
Pattern Recognition Letters
Combination of Multiple Classifiers Using Local Accuracy Estimates
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Modeling score distributions for combining the outputs of search engines
Proceedings of the 24th annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval
Relevance score normalization for metasearch
Proceedings of the tenth international conference on Information and knowledge management
Advances in Distributed Sensor Integration; Application and Theory
Advances in Distributed Sensor Integration; Application and Theory
Person Identification Using Multiple Cues
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Expert Conciliation for Multi Modal Person Authentication Systems by Bayesian Statistics
AVBPA '97 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Information fusion in biometrics
Pattern Recognition Letters - Special issue: Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication (AVBPA 2001)
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Pattern Classification (2nd Edition)
Multimodal biometrics: issues in design and testing
Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Multimodal interfaces
Communications of the ACM - Multimodal interfaces that flex, adapt, and persist
Large-Scale Evaluation of Multimodal Biometric Authentication Using State-of-the-Art Systems
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Combining face and iris biometrics for identity verification
AVBPA'03 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication
Application of majority voting to pattern recognition: an analysis of its behavior and performance
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Multimodal decision-level fusion for person authentication
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
An introduction to biometric recognition
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Architectures for efficient face authentication in embedded systems
Proceedings of the conference on Design, automation and test in Europe: Designers' forum
Real-Time Imaging - Special issue on multi-dimensional image processing
Dynamic registration selection for fingerprint verification
Pattern Recognition
Personal recognition based on an image of the palmar surface of the hand
Pattern Recognition
Evaluation and analysis of a face and voice outdoor multi-biometric system
Pattern Recognition Letters
Nonminutiae-based decision-level fusion for fingerprint verification
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
A 3D face and hand biometric system for robust user-friendly authentication
Pattern Recognition Letters
Biometric scores fusion based on total error rate minimization
Pattern Recognition
Multimodal biometrics using geometry preserving projections
Pattern Recognition
Structural hidden Markov models for biometrics: Fusion of face and fingerprint
Pattern Recognition
Hybrid architectures for efficient and secure face authentication in embedded systems
IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems
Fusion of visual and infra-red face scores by weighted power series
Pattern Recognition Letters
Maximizing area under ROC curve for biometric scores fusion
Pattern Recognition
Fusion of the complementary Discrete Cosine Features in the YIQ color space for face recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A New Data Normalization Function for Multibiometric Contexts: A Case Study
ICIAR '08 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Using multi-instance enrollment to improve performance of 3D face recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Combining similarity measures in content-based image retrieval
Pattern Recognition Letters
Face annotation for personal photos using context-assisted face recognition
MIR '08 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international conference on Multimedia information retrieval
Exploring Margin Maximization for Biometric Score Fusion
SSPR & SPR '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Joint IAPR International Workshop on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
Template Selection by Editing Algorithms: A Case Study in Face Recognition
SSPR & SPR '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Joint IAPR International Workshop on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
ISVC '08 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing, Part II
Threshold-optimized decision-level fusion and its application to biometrics
Pattern Recognition
Ensemble of on-line signature matchers based on OverComplete feature generation
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Quality-augmented fusion of level-2 and level-3 fingerprint information using DSm theory
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
Fusion Based Blind Image Steganalysis by Boosting Feature Selection
IWDW '07 Proceedings of the 6th International Workshop on Digital Watermarking
Incremental construction of classifier and discriminant ensembles
Information Sciences: an International Journal
On-line signature verification system with failure to enrol management
Pattern Recognition
Combining different biometric traits with one-class classification
Signal Processing
Feature-Level Fusion of Iris and Face for Personal Identification
ISNN 2009 Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Neural Networks: Advances in Neural Networks - Part III
Personal identity verification by serial fusion of fingerprint and face matchers
Pattern Recognition
Real-Time Model-Based Hand Localization for Unsupervised Palmar Image Acquisition
ICB '09 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Biometrics
A simple score normalisation technique for multimodal biometric authentication
International Journal of Biometrics
Multimodal biometrics: state of the art in fusion techniques
International Journal of Biometrics
International Journal of Biometrics
Score Fusion by Maximizing the Area under the ROC Curve
IbPRIA '09 Proceedings of the 4th Iberian Conference on Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis
ICIAR '09 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
AST '09 Proceedings of the 2009 International e-Conference on Advanced Science and Technology
Fusion of Acoustic and Prosodic Features for Speaker Clustering
TSD '09 Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Text, Speech and Dialogue
ICIAP '09 Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
Towards a Linear Combination of Dichotomizers by Margin Maximization
ICIAP '09 Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
Dynamic visual features for audio-visual speaker verification
Computer Speech and Language
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans - Special section: Best papers from the 2007 biometrics: Theory, applications, and systems (BTAS 07) conference
Multimodal biometric system using rank-level fusion approach
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics - Special issue on cybernetics and cognitive informatics
Color face recognition for degraded face images
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
ICA color space for pattern recognition
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Biometric Recognition: When Is Evidence Fusion Advantageous?
ISVC '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing: Part II
Multimedia multimodal methodologies
ICME'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Multimedia and Expo
Face annotation for personal photos using collaborative face recognition in online social networks
DSP'09 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Digital Signal Processing
Face recognition using new image representations
IJCNN'09 Proceedings of the 2009 international joint conference on Neural Networks
Benchmarking quality-dependent and cost-sensitive score-level multimodal biometric fusion algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security - Special issue on electronic voting
Combining weights into scores: a linear transform approach
SMC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
An effective multi-biometrics solution for embedded device
SMC'09 Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE international conference on Systems, Man and Cybernetics
Efficient statistical face recognition across pose using local binary patterns and Gabor wavelets
BTAS'09 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international conference on Biometrics: Theory, applications and systems
Exploiting the "Doddington Zoo" effect in biometric fusion
BTAS'09 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international conference on Biometrics: Theory, applications and systems
Learning-based image representation and method for face recognition
BTAS'09 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international conference on Biometrics: Theory, applications and systems
Quality based rank-level fusion in multibiometric systems
BTAS'09 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international conference on Biometrics: Theory, applications and systems
Performance evaluation of score level fusion in multimodal biometric systems
Pattern Recognition
A new framework for adaptive multimodal biometrics management
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Fusing Gabor and LBP feature sets for kernel-based face recognition
AMFG'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Analysis and modeling of faces and gestures
Gender classification based on fusion of multi-view gait sequences
ACCV'07 Proceedings of the 8th Asian conference on Computer vision - Volume Part I
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Eigenfeatures and supervectors in feature and score fusion for SVM face and speaker verification
BioID_MultiComm'09 Proceedings of the 2009 joint COST 2101 and 2102 international conference on Biometric ID management and multimodal communication
Confidence partition and hybrid fusion in multimodal biometric verification system
BioID_MultiComm'09 Proceedings of the 2009 joint COST 2101 and 2102 international conference on Biometric ID management and multimodal communication
Improving face recognition by combination of natural and Gabor faces
Pattern Recognition Letters
Face recognition using gender information
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
Enhanced local texture feature sets for face recognition under difficult lighting conditions
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
A PSO-based weighting method for linear combination of neural networks
Computers and Electrical Engineering
Likelihood ratio based features for a trained biometric score fusion
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Face matching and retrieval using soft biometrics
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Multimodal emotion recognition based on the decoupling of emotion and speaker information
TSD'10 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Text, speech and dialogue
Unifying Conceptual Spaces: Concept Formation in Musical Creative Systems
Minds and Machines
Quality-based conditional processing in multi-biometrics: application to sensor interoperability
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Robust fusion: extreme value theory for recognition score normalization
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on computer vision conference on Computer vision: Part III
Fusion of PCA-based and LDA-based similarity measures for face verification
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing - Special issue on advanced image processing for defense and security applications
An approach for on-line signature authentication using Zernike moments
Pattern Recognition Letters
An extended image hashing concept: content-based fingerprinting using FJLT
EURASIP Journal on Information Security
Randomised manifold forests for principal angle-based face recognition
ACCV'10 Proceedings of the 10th Asian conference on Computer vision - Volume Part IV
Feature selection for support vector machine-based face-iris multimodal biometric system
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Shifting score fusion: on exploiting shifting variation in iris recognition
Proceedings of the 2011 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing
Computer-aided small bowel tumor detection for capsule endoscopy
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
BioID'11 Proceedings of the COST 2101 European conference on Biometrics and ID management
Exploiting character class information in forensic writer identification
IWCF'10 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computational forensics
A comparison of genetic feature selection and weighting techniques for multi-biometric recognition
Proceedings of the 49th Annual Southeast Regional Conference
An experimental comparison of different methods for combining biometric identification systems
ICIAP'11 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Image analysis and processing - Volume Part II
Genetic programming for multibiometrics
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
A psychologically-inspired match-score fusion mode for video-based facial expression recognition
ACII'11 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Affective computing and intelligent interaction - Volume Part II
A Comparative Study of Palmprint Recognition Algorithms
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Measuring measures for face sample quality
MiFor '11 Proceedings of the 3rd international ACM workshop on Multimedia in forensics and intelligence
Multimodal biometrics: Empirical study of performance-throughput trade-off
Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis
Intelligent optical otolith classification for species recognition of bony fish
KES'06 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems - Volume Part I
Can chimeric persons be used in multimodal biometric authentication experiments?
MLMI'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction
Robust automatic human identification using face, mouth, and acoustic information
AMFG'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Analysis and Modelling of Faces and Gestures
Incorporating image quality in multi-algorithm fingerprint verification
ICB'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Gait recognition based on fusion of multi-view gait sequences
ICB'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Multimedia strategies for B3-SDR, based on principal component analysis
INEX'05 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Initiative for the Evaluation of XML Retrieval
Eigenclassifiers for combining correlated classifiers
Information Sciences: an International Journal
MCS'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Multiple Classifier Systems
Calculation of a composite DET curve
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
A principled approach to score level fusion in multimodal biometric systems
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Securing electronic medical records using biometric authentication
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Synthetic on-line signature generation. Part II: Experimental validation
Pattern Recognition
Pill-ID: Matching and retrieval of drug pill images
Pattern Recognition Letters
Improving steganalysis by fusion techniques: a case study with image steganography
Transactions on Data Hiding and Multimedia Security I
Gaussian mixture models for CHASM signature verification
MLMI'06 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction
FQAS'11 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Flexible Query Answering Systems
Using score normalization to solve the score variation problem in face authentication
IWBRS'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Advances in Biometric Person Authentication
Fusion of local and regional approaches for on-line signature verification
IWBRS'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Advances in Biometric Person Authentication
A new hybrid and dynamic fusion of multiple experts for intelligent porch system
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Noisy iris image matching by using multiple cues
Pattern Recognition Letters
Face recognition from visible and near-infrared images using boosted directional binary code
ICIC'11 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Advanced Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications: with aspects of artificial intelligence
A review of recent advances in 3D ear- and expression-invariant face biometrics
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Face verification with feature fusion of Gabor based and curvelet based representations
Multimedia Tools and Applications
Minutia handedness: A novel global feature for minutiae-based fingerprint matching
Pattern Recognition Letters
A RELIEF-based modality weighting approach for multimodal information retrieval
Proceedings of the 2nd ACM International Conference on Multimedia Retrieval
Genetic and evolutionary methods for biometric feature reduction
International Journal of Biometrics
Fusion of biometric systems using Boolean combination: an application to iris-based authentication
International Journal of Biometrics
Multi-normalization: a new method for improving biometric fusion
Proceedings of the International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics
Score fusion in multibiometric identification based on fuzzy set theory
ICISP'12 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Image and Signal Processing
Contribution of non-scrambled chroma information in privacy-protected face images to privacy leakage
IWDW'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Digital-Forensics and Watermarking
A random forest system combination approach for error detection in digital dictionaries
HYBRID '12 Proceedings of the Workshop on Innovative Hybrid Approaches to the Processing of Textual Data
Fusion of near infrared face and Iris biometrics
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Error-rate based biometrics fusion
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Online text-independent writer identification based on stroke's probability distribution function
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Bayesian hill-climbing attack and its application to signature verification
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
User classification for keystroke dynamics authentication
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Biometric hashing based on genetic selection and its application to on-line signatures
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
A unified learning framework for auto face annotation by mining web facial images
Proceedings of the 21st ACM international conference on Information and knowledge management
Multibiometric human recognition using 3D ear and face features
Pattern Recognition
An online learning network for biometric scores fusion
Neurocomputing
Reduced analytical dependency modeling for classifier fusion
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
Fast computation of the performance evaluation of biometric systems: Application to multibiometrics
Future Generation Computer Systems
Video synchronization as one-class learning
Proceedings of the 27th Conference on Image and Vision Computing New Zealand
Fingerprint identification based on semi-supervised FSS
CCBR'12 Proceedings of the 7th Chinese conference on Biometric Recognition
Information Processing and Management: an International Journal
A comparative study of color texture features for face analysis
CCIW'13 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Computational Color Imaging
A skeleton pruning algorithm based on information fusion
Pattern Recognition Letters
Merging words and concepts for medical articles retrieval
Proceedings of the 10th Conference on Open Research Areas in Information Retrieval
A multi-modal gesture recognition system using audio, video, and skeletal joint data
Proceedings of the 15th ACM on International conference on multimodal interaction
Pattern Recognition Letters
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Multimedia event detection with multimodal feature fusion and temporal concept localization
Machine Vision and Applications
Machine Vision and Applications
International Journal of Speech Technology
Improving fusion with optimal weight selection in Face Recognition
Integrated Computer-Aided Engineering
Multimodal fingerprint verification by score-level fusion: An experimental investigation
Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems: Applications in Engineering and Technology
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Multimodal biometric systems consolidate the evidence presented by multiple biometric sources and typically provide better recognition performance compared to systems based on a single biometric modality. Although information fusion in a multimodal system can be performed at various levels, integration at the matching score level is the most common approach due to the ease in accessing and combining the scores generated by different matchers. Since the matching scores output by the various modalities are heterogeneous, score normalization is needed to transform these scores into a common domain, prior to combining them. In this paper, we have studied the performance of different normalization techniques and fusion rules in the context of a multimodal biometric system based on the face, fingerprint and hand-geometry traits of a user. Experiments conducted on a database of 100 users indicate that the application of min-max, z-score, and tanh normalization schemes followed by a simple sum of scores fusion method results in better recognition performance compared to other methods. However, experiments also reveal that the min-max and z-score normalization techniques are sensitive to outliers in the data, highlighting the need for a robust and efficient normalization procedure like the tanh normalization. It was also observed that multimodal systems utilizing user-specific weights perform better compared to systems that assign the same set of weights to the multiple biometric traits of all users.