IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Expert Conciliation for Multi Modal Person Authentication Systems by Bayesian Statistics
AVBPA '97 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Multimodal Biometric Authentication Using Quality Signals in Mobile Communications
ICIAP '03 Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Image Analysis and Processing
Incremental Mixtures of Factor Analysers
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 1 - Volume 01
Large-Scale Evaluation of Multimodal Biometric Authentication Using State-of-the-Art Systems
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Handbook of Multibiometrics (International Series on Biometrics)
Handbook of Multibiometrics (International Series on Biometrics)
Likelihood Ratio-Based Biometric Score Fusion
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Score normalization in multimodal biometric systems
Pattern Recognition
On combination of face authentication experts by a mixture of quality dependent fusion classifiers
MCS'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Multiple classifier systems
Quality controlled multimodal fusion of biometric experts
CIARP'07 Proceedings of the Congress on pattern recognition 12th Iberoamerican conference on Progress in pattern recognition, image analysis and applications
Localized iris image quality using 2-d wavelets
ICB'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Fingerprint quality indices for predicting authentication performance
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Improving fusion with margin-derived confidence in biometric authentication tasks
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
A principled approach to score level fusion in multimodal biometric systems
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
How do correlation and variance of base-experts affect fusion in biometric authentication tasks?
IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing
Incorporating Model-Specific Score Distribution in Speaker Verification Systems
IEEE Transactions on Audio, Speech, and Language Processing
A Comparative Study of Fingerprint Image-Quality Estimation Methods
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Fingerprint Image-Quality Estimation and its Application to Multialgorithm Verification
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Multimodal decision-level fusion for person authentication
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans - Special issue on recent advances in biometrics
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Quality-based conditional processing in multi-biometrics: application to sensor interoperability
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Robust fusion: extreme value theory for recognition score normalization
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on computer vision conference on Computer vision: Part III
Fingerprint pattern and minutiae fusion in various operational scenarios
ICIAR'11 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Image analysis and recognition - Volume Part II
MCS'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Multiple classifier systems
FPGA-based Personal Authentication Using Fingerprints
Journal of Signal Processing Systems
A high performance fingerprint liveness detection method based on quality related features
Future Generation Computer Systems
Periocular recognition using retinotopic sampling and gabor decomposition
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Improving biometric verification systems by fusing Z-norm and F-norm
CCBR'12 Proceedings of the 7th Chinese conference on Biometric Recognition
Fusion of finger types for fingerprint indexing using minutiae quadruplets
Pattern Recognition Letters
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Automatically verifying the identity of a person by means of biometrics (e.g., face and fingerprint) is an important application in our day-to-day activities such as accessing banking services and security control in airports. To increase the system reliability, several biometric devices are often used. Such a combined system is known as a multimodal biometric system. This paper reports a benchmarking study carried out within the framework of the BioSecure DS2 (Access Control) evaluation campaign organized by the University of Surrey, involving face, fingerprint, and iris biometrics for person authentication, targeting the application of physical access control in a medium-size establishment with some 500 persons. While multimodal biometrics is a well-investigated subject in the literature, there exists no benchmark for a fusion algorithm comparison. Working towards this goal, we designed two sets of experiments: quality-dependent and cost-sensitive evaluation. The quality-dependent evaluation aims at assessing how well fusion algorithms can perform under changing quality of raw biometric images principally due to change of devices. The cost-sensitive evaluation, on the other hand, investigates how well a fusion algorithm can perform given restricted computation and in the presence of software and hardware failures, resulting in errors such as failure-to-acquire and failure-to-match. Since multiple capturing devices are available, a fusion algorithm should be able to handle this nonideal but nevertheless realistic scenario. In both evaluations, each fusion algorithm is provided with scores from each biometric comparison subsystem as well as the quality measures of both the template and the query data. The response to the call of the evaluation campaign proved very encouraging, with the submission of 22 fusion systems. To the best of our knowledge, this campaign is the first attempt to benchmark quality-based multimodal fusion algorithms. In the presence of changing image quality which may be due to a change of acquisition devices and/or device capturing configurations, we observe that the top performing fusion algorithms are those that exploit automatically derived quality measurements. Our evaluation also suggests that while using all the available biometric sensors can definitely increase the fusion performance, this comes at the expense of increased cost in terms of acquisition time, computation time, the physical cost of hardware, and its maintenance cost. As demonstrated in our experiments, a promising solution which minimizes the composite cost is sequential fusion, where a fusion algorithm sequentially uses match scores until a desired confidence is reached, or until all the match scores are exhausted, before outputting the final combined score.