IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Person Identification Using Multiple Cues
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Comparison and Combination of Ear and Face Images in Appearance-Based Biometrics
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Face recognition: A literature survey
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Feature-Level Fusion in Personal Identification
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 1 - Volume 01
Overview of the Face Recognition Grand Challenge
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Volume 1 - Volume 01
Integrating Face and Gait for Human Recognition
CVPRW '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop
A Comparison of 3D Biometric Modalities
CVPRW '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop
Biometric Recognition Using 3D Ear Shape
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Multimodal Recognition Based on Fusion of Ear and Profile Face
ICIG '07 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Image and Graphics
An Efficient Multimodal 2D-3D Hybrid Approach to Automatic Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Keypoint Detection and Local Feature Matching for Textured 3D Face Recognition
International Journal of Computer Vision
A Fast and Fully Automatic Ear Recognition Approach Based on 3D Local Surface Features
ACIVS '08 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems
Fast and Fully Automatic Ear Detection Using Cascaded AdaBoost
WACV '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision
A survey of approaches and challenges in 3D and multi-modal 3D+2D face recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Score normalization in multimodal biometric systems
Pattern Recognition
Combining face and iris biometrics for identity verification
AVBPA'03 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication
2D and 3d multimodal hybrid face recognition
ECCV'06 Proceedings of the 9th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
Multi-biometrics 2d and 3d ear recognition
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Biometrics: a tool for information security
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
A review of recent advances in ear recognition
CCBR'11 Proceedings of the 6th Chinese conference on Biometric recognition
A review of recent advances in 3D ear- and expression-invariant face biometrics
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Multibiometric human recognition using 3D ear and face features
Pattern Recognition
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
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Increasing risks of spoof attacks and other common problems of unimodal biometric systems such as intra-class variations, non-universality and noisy data necessitate the use of multimodal biometrics. The face and the ear are highly attractive biometric traits for combination because of their physiological structure and location. Besides, both of them can be acquired non-intrusively. However, changes of facial expressions, variations in pose, scale and illumination and the presence of hair and ornaments present some genuine challenges. In this paper, a 3D local feature based approach is proposed to fuse ear and face biometrics at the score level. Experiments with FRGC v .2 and the University of Notre Dame Biometric databases show that the technique achieves an identification rate of 98.71% and a verification rate of 99.68% (at 0.001 FAR) for fusion of the ear with neutral face biometrics. It is also found to be fast and robust to facial expressions achieving 98.1% and 96.83% identification and verification rates respectively.