The FERET Evaluation Methodology for Face-Recognition Algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
An Evaluation of Face and Ear Biometrics
ICPR '02 Proceedings of the 16 th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'02) Volume 1 - Volume 1
Comparison and Combination of Ear and Face Images in Appearance-Based Biometrics
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Robust Real-Time Face Detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
Human Ear Detection from Side Face Range Images
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 3 - Volume 03
Contour Matching for 3D Ear Recognition
WACV-MOTION '05 Proceedings of the Seventh IEEE Workshops on Application of Computer Vision (WACV/MOTION'05) - Volume 1 - Volume 01
Empirical Evaluation of Advanced Ear Biometrics
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Workshops - Volume 03
Shape Model-Based 3D Ear Detection from Side Face Range Images
CVPR '05 Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR'05) - Workshops - Volume 03
Handbook of Multibiometrics (International Series on Biometrics)
Handbook of Multibiometrics (International Series on Biometrics)
A Comparison of 3D Biometric Modalities
CVPRW '06 Proceedings of the 2006 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshop
Ear Recognition Based on Statistical Shape Model
ICICIC '06 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Innovative Computing, Information and Control - Volume 3
Ear Recognition by means of a Rotation Invariant Descriptor
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 04
Ear Recognition using Improved Non-Negative Matrix Factorization
ICPR '06 Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition - Volume 04
Geometrical Algorithms of Ear Contour Shape Representation and Feature Extraction
ISDA '06 Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications - Volume 02
Symmetrical null space LDA for face and ear recognition
Neurocomputing
An Automatic 3D Ear Recognition System
3DPVT '06 Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on 3D Data Processing, Visualization, and Transmission (3DPVT'06)
Localization of Ear Using Outer Helix Curve of the Ear
ICCTA '07 Proceedings of the International Conference on Computing: Theory and Applications
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Image Feature Extraction Methods for Ear Biometrics--A Survey
CISIM '07 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Computer Information Systems and Industrial Management Applications
Biometric Recognition Using 3D Ear Shape
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A multi-matcher for ear authentication
Pattern Recognition Letters
Unified 3D face and ear recognition using wavelets on geometry images
Pattern Recognition
Multimodal Recognition Based on Fusion of Ear and Profile Face
ICIG '07 Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Image and Graphics
Fast Asymmetric Learning for Cascade Face Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Human Ear Recognition by Computer (Advances in Pattern Recognition)
Human Ear Recognition by Computer (Advances in Pattern Recognition)
FES: A System for Combining Face, Ear and Signature Biometrics Using Rank Level Fusion
ITNG '08 Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Information Technology: New Generations
Sparse Representation for Ear Biometrics
ISVC '08 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing, Part II
Multi-Pose Ear Recognition Based on Force Field Transformation
IITA '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Second International Symposium on Intelligent Information Technology Application - Volume 03
Robust Face Recognition via Sparse Representation
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Feature Level Fused Ear Biometric System
ICAPR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Seventh International Conference on Advances in Pattern Recognition
A Skin-Color and Template Based Technique for Automatic Ear Detection
ICAPR '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Seventh International Conference on Advances in Pattern Recognition
A supervised method to discriminate between impostors and genuine in biometry
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Towards fast 3D ear recognition for real-life biometric applications
AVSS '07 Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance
Fast and Fully Automatic Ear Detection Using Cascaded AdaBoost
WACV '08 Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Workshop on Applications of Computer Vision
ICIAR '09 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Automated Multimodal Biometrics Using Face and Ear
ICIAR '09 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Force field feature extraction for ear biometrics
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Multimodal biometric system using rank-level fusion approach
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics - Special issue on cybernetics and cognitive informatics
The BANCA database and evaluation protocol
AVBPA'03 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication
On shape-mediated enrolment in ear biometrics
ISVC'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Advances in visual computing - Volume Part II
Multi-modal ear and face modeling and recognition
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
Recent advances in ear biometrics
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
On guided model-based analysis for ear biometrics
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Human ear recognition from face profile images
ICB'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Ear biometrics by force field convergence
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Multi-biometrics 2d and 3d ear recognition
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Shape and structural feature based ear recognition
SINOBIOMETRICS'04 Proceedings of the 5th Chinese conference on Advances in Biometric Person Authentication
3-D Ear Modeling and Recognition From Video Sequences Using Shape From Shading
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
The CAS-PEAL Large-Scale Chinese Face Database and Baseline Evaluations
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
An introduction to biometric recognition
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
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Recognizing people by their ear has recently received significant attention in the literature. Several reasons account for this trend: first, ear recognition does not suffer from some problems associated with other non-contact biometrics, such as face recognition; second, it is the most promising candidate for combination with the face in the context of multi-pose face recognition; and third, the ear can be used for human recognition in surveillance videos where the face may be occluded completely or in part. Further, the ear appears to degrade little with age. Even though current ear detection and recognition systems have reached a certain level of maturity, their success is limited to controlled indoor conditions. In addition to variation in illumination, other open research problems include hair occlusion, earprint forensics, ear symmetry, ear classification, and ear individuality. This article provides a detailed survey of research conducted in ear detection and recognition. It provides an up-to-date review of the existing literature revealing the current state-of-art for not only those who are working in this area but also for those who might exploit this new approach. Furthermore, it offers insights into some unsolved ear recognition problems as well as ear databases available for researchers.