Integrating Faces and Fingerprints for Personal Identification
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
The FERET Evaluation Methodology for Face-Recognition Algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
An Evaluation of Face and Ear Biometrics
ICPR '02 Proceedings of the 16 th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'02) Volume 1 - Volume 1
On Probabilistic Combination of Face and Gait Cues for Identification
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Multi-Modal 2D and 3D Biometrics for Face Recognition
AMFG '03 Proceedings of the IEEE International Workshop on Analysis and Modeling of Faces and Gestures
Force field feature extraction for ear biometrics
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A survey of approaches and challenges in 3D and multi-modal 3D + 2D face recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Soft biometrics-combining body weight and fat measurements with fingerprint biometrics
Pattern Recognition Letters
Multiscale Fusion of Visible and Thermal IR Images for Illumination-Invariant Face Recognition
International Journal of Computer Vision
Symmetrical null space LDA for face and ear recognition
Neurocomputing
Outdoor recognition at a distance by fusing gait and face
Image and Vision Computing
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Biometric Recognition Using 3D Ear Shape
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A multi-matcher for ear authentication
Pattern Recognition Letters
Unified 3D face and ear recognition using wavelets on geometry images
Pattern Recognition
Overlapping on partitioned facial images
SSIP'06 Proceedings of the 6th WSEAS International Conference on Signal, Speech and Image Processing
A Fast and Fully Automatic Ear Recognition Approach Based on 3D Local Surface Features
ACIVS '08 Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems
Sparse Representation for Ear Biometrics
ISVC '08 Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Advances in Visual Computing, Part II
A supervised method to discriminate between impostors and genuine in biometry
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Fusion of color spaces for ear authentication
Pattern Recognition
Experimental Study of the Usefulness of External Face Features for Face Classification
Proceedings of the 2005 conference on Artificial Intelligence Research and Development
A bi-modal face recognition framework integrating facial expression with facial appearance
Pattern Recognition Letters
ICIAR '09 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Automated Multimodal Biometrics Using Face and Ear
ICIAR '09 Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Force field feature extraction for ear biometrics
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A survey of approaches and challenges in 3D and multi-modal 3D+2D face recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Multimodal biometric system using rank-level fusion approach
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics - Special issue on cybernetics and cognitive informatics
A feature extraction method for use with bimodal biometrics
Pattern Recognition
Classifier combining rules under independence assumptions
MCS'07 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Multiple classifier systems
Intelligent computing for automated biometrics, criminal and forensic applications
ICIC'07 Proceedings of the intelligent computing 3rd international conference on Advanced intelligent computing theories and applications
Individual identification using personality traits
Journal of Network and Computer Applications
Multi-view ear recognition based on moving least square pose interpolation
ICIC'09 Proceedings of the Intelligent computing 5th international conference on Emerging intelligent computing technology and applications
Multi-modal ear and face modeling and recognition
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
Toward unconstrained ear recognition from two-dimensional images
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans - Special issue on recent advances in biometrics
A study on the available biometric technologies used in order to control security in physical access
WSEAS Transactions on Systems and Control
An integrated authentication framework based on multi-tier biometrics
International Journal of Biometrics
Ear recognition by using neural networks
MMACTEE'09 Proceedings of the 11th WSEAS international conference on Mathematical methods and computational techniques in electrical engineering
Recent advances in ear biometrics
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
On guided model-based analysis for ear biometrics
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
SSIP'05 Proceedings of the 5th WSEAS international conference on Signal, speech and image processing
Efficient Detection and Recognition of 3D Ears
International Journal of Computer Vision
The image ray transform for structural feature detection
Pattern Recognition Letters
Automated human identification using ear imaging
Pattern Recognition
A review of recent advances in ear recognition
CCBR'11 Proceedings of the 6th Chinese conference on Biometric recognition
An study on ear detection and its applications to face detection
CAEPIA'11 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Advances in artificial intelligence: spanish association for artificial intelligence
Ear recognition based on local information fusion
Pattern Recognition Letters
Further developments in geometrical algorithms for ear biometrics
AMDO'06 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Articulated Motion and Deformable Objects
Human ear recognition from face profile images
ICB'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Face and ear: a bimodal identification system
ICIAR'06 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition - Volume Part II
Ear biometrics by force field convergence
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Multi-biometrics 2d and 3d ear recognition
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Multimodal speaker verification using ear image features extracted by PCA and ICA
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Performance evaluation and prediction for 3d ear recognition
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Shape and structural feature based ear recognition
SINOBIOMETRICS'04 Proceedings of the 5th Chinese conference on Advances in Biometric Person Authentication
Two-Dimensional optimal transform for appearance based object recognition
ICVGIP'06 Proceedings of the 5th Indian conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing
The west pomeranian university of technology ear database – a tool for testing biometric algorithms
ICIAR'10 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition - Volume Part II
Using ear biometrics for personal recognition
IWBRS'05 Proceedings of the 2005 international conference on Advances in Biometric Person Authentication
A review of recent advances in 3D ear- and expression-invariant face biometrics
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Combination of physiological and behavioral biometric for human identification
MLDM'12 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Machine Learning and Data Mining in Pattern Recognition
Reliable ear identification using 2-D quadrature filters
Pattern Recognition Letters
A rotation and scale invariant technique for ear detection in 3D
Pattern Recognition Letters
Multibiometric human recognition using 3D ear and face features
Pattern Recognition
Multi-view gait fusion for large scale human identification in surveillance videos
ACIVS'12 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems
Person identification using full-body motion and anthropometric biometrics from kinect videos
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
Gait based human identity recognition from multi-view surveillance videos
ICA3PP'12 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Algorithms and Architectures for Parallel Processing - Volume Part II
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Multi-view multi-modal gait based human identity recognition from surveillance videos
MPRSS'12 Proceedings of the First international conference on Multimodal Pattern Recognition of Social Signals in Human-Computer-Interaction
Robust ear based authentication using Local Principal Independent Components
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
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Researchers have suggested that the ear may have advantages over the face for biometric recognition. Our previous experiments with ear and face recognition, using the standard principal component analysis approach, showed lower recognition performance using ear images. We report results of similar experiments on larger data sets that are more rigorously controlled for relative quality of face and ear images. We find that recognition performance is not significantly different between the face and the ear, for example, 70.5 percent versus 71.6 percent, respectively, in one experiment. We also find that multimodal recognition using both the ear and face results in statistically significant improvement over either individual biometric, for example, 90.9 percent in the analogous experiment.