Eigenfaces vs. Fisherfaces: Recognition Using Class Specific Linear Projection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Efficient frequency domain video scrambling for content access control
MULTIMEDIA '99 Proceedings of the seventh ACM international conference on Multimedia (Part 1)
The CMU Pose, Illumination, and Expression Database
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Distance measures for PCA-based face recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Face Description with Local Binary Patterns: Application to Face Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
On solving the face recognition problem with one training sample per subject
Pattern Recognition
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Region-of-interest scrambling for scalable surveillance video using JPEG XR
MM '09 Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Privacy Protection in Video Surveillance Systems Using Scalable Video Coding
AVSS '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance
Color face recognition for degraded face images
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Score normalization in multimodal biometric systems
Pattern Recognition
Compression independent reversible encryption for privacy in video surveillance
EURASIP Journal on Information Security - Special issue on enhancing privacy protection in multimedia systems
Visual security evaluation for video encryption
Proceedings of the international conference on Multimedia
A joint signal processing and cryptographic approach to multimedia encryption
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Scrambling for Privacy Protection in Video Surveillance Systems
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Privacy Protection in Video Surveillance Systems: Analysis of Subband-Adaptive Scrambling in JPEG XR
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
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To mitigate privacy concerns, scrambling can be used to conceal face regions present in surveillance video content. Given that lightweight scrambling tools may not protect chroma information in order to limit bit rate overhead in heterogeneous usage environments, this paper investigates how the presence of non-scrambled chroma information in face regions influences the effectiveness of automatic and human face recognition (FR). To that end, we apply three automatic FR techniques to face images that have been privacy-protected by means of a layered scrambling technique developed for Motion JPEG XR, testing the effectiveness of automatic FR and layered scrambling using various experimental conditions. In addition, we investigate whether agreement exists between the judgments of 32 human observers and the output of automatic FR. Our experimental results demonstrate that human observers are not able to successfully recognize face images when simultaneously visualizing scrambled luma and non-scrambled chroma information. However, when an adversary has access to the coded bit stream structure, the presence of non-scrambled chroma information may significantly contribute to privacy leakage. By additionally applying layered scrambling to chroma information, our experimental results show that the amount of privacy leakage can be substantially decreased at the cost of an increase in bit rate overhead, and with the increase in bit rate overhead dependent on the number of scalability layers used.