The FERET Evaluation Methodology for Face-Recognition Algorithms
CVPR '97 Proceedings of the 1997 Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR '97)
From Few to Many: Generative Models for Recognition Under Variable Pose and Illumination
FG '00 Proceedings of the Fourth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition 2000
Eigen Light-Fields and Face Recognition Across Pose
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Face Identification across Different Poses and Illuminations with a 3D Morphable Model
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
The CMU Pose, Illumination, and Expression (PIE) Database
FGR '02 Proceedings of the Fifth IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition
Appearance-Based Face Recognition and Light-Fields
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Optimal Linear Representations of Images for Object Recognition
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
A Video Database of Moving Faces and People
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Estimating illumination parameters in real space with application to image relighting
Proceedings of the 13th annual ACM international conference on Multimedia
Generalized Low Rank Approximations of Matrices
Machine Learning
Graph Embedding and Extensions: A General Framework for Dimensionality Reduction
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
On solving the face recognition problem with one training sample per subject
Pattern Recognition
Shadow compensation in 2D images for face recognition
Pattern Recognition
Local Discriminant Wavelet Packet Coordinates for Face Recognition
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
A Component-based Framework for Face Detection and Identification
International Journal of Computer Vision
Multiplexing for Optimal Lighting
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Evaluation and analysis of a face and voice outdoor multi-biometric system
Pattern Recognition Letters
2D and 3D face recognition: A survey
Pattern Recognition Letters
Face Detection Using Mixture of MLP Experts
Neural Processing Letters
Robust face imagematching under illumination variations
EURASIP Journal on Applied Signal Processing
Discriminant Subspace Analysis: A Fukunaga-Koontz Approach
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Illumination-robust face recognition using ridge regressive bilinear models
Pattern Recognition Letters
Orthogonal neighborhood preserving discriminant analysis for face recognition
Pattern Recognition
Performance characterization in computer vision: A guide to best practices
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
International Journal of Intelligent Systems Technologies and Applications
Solution for supervised graph embedding: A case study
Signal Processing
Journal on Image and Video Processing - Anthropocentric Video Analysis: Tools and Applications
Multiple feature fusion by subspace learning
CIVR '08 Proceedings of the 2008 international conference on Content-based image and video retrieval
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Feature extraction using constrained maximum variance mapping
Pattern Recognition
Feature Extraction for Regression Problems and an Example Application for Pose Estimation of a Face
ICIAR '08 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Image Analysis and Recognition
Semi-supervised Discriminant Analysis Via CCCP
ECML PKDD '08 Proceedings of the European conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases - Part II
Dimensionality Estimation for Self-Organizing Map by Using Spectral Clustering
ICIC '08 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Intelligent Computing: Advanced Intelligent Computing Theories and Applications - with Aspects of Theoretical and Methodological Issues
Face annotation for personal photos using context-assisted face recognition
MIR '08 Proceedings of the 1st ACM international conference on Multimedia information retrieval
Face recognition with disguise and single gallery images
Image and Vision Computing
ECCV '08 Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Computer Vision: Part I
SSPR & SPR '08 Proceedings of the 2008 Joint IAPR International Workshop on Structural, Syntactic, and Statistical Pattern Recognition
Optimal Local Basis: A Reinforcement Learning Approach for Face Recognition
International Journal of Computer Vision
Image description using joint distribution of filter bank responses
Pattern Recognition Letters
Using Face Quality Ratings to Improve Real-Time Face Recognition
PSIVT '09 Proceedings of the 3rd Pacific Rim Symposium on Advances in Image and Video Technology
Lighting Independent Skin Tone Detection Using Neural Networks
IEICE - Transactions on Information and Systems
Emerging Trends in Visual Computing
Computational methods for modeling facial aging: A survey
Journal of Visual Languages and Computing
Proceedings of the 15th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining
DT-CWT Feature Structure Representation for Face Recognition under Varying Illumination Using EMD
ISNN 2009 Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Neural Networks: Advances in Neural Networks - Part III
Spatially Smooth Subspace Face Recognition Using LOG and DOG Penalties
ISNN 2009 Proceedings of the 6th International Symposium on Neural Networks: Advances in Neural Networks - Part III
Face recognition across pose: A review
Pattern Recognition
A Random Network Ensemble for Face Recognition
ICB '09 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Biometrics
Generic versus Salient Region-Based Partitioning for Local Appearance Face Recognition
ICB '09 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Advances in Biometrics
Kernel Grassmannian distances and discriminant analysis for face recognition from image sets
Pattern Recognition Letters
Incremental learning of bidirectional principal components for face recognition
Pattern Recognition
Rotation Invariant Image Description with Local Binary Pattern Histogram Fourier Features
SCIA '09 Proceedings of the 16th Scandinavian Conference on Image Analysis
Face Recognition Technology for Ubiquitous Computing Environment
UAHCI '09 Proceedings of the 5th International on ConferenceUniversal Access in Human-Computer Interaction. Part II: Intelligent and Ubiquitous Interaction Environments
Models for patch-based image restoration
Journal on Image and Video Processing - Special issue on patches in vision
Semi-supervised Discriminant Analysis Based on Dependence Estimation
ADMA '09 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Advanced Data Mining and Applications
Heteroscedastic Probabilistic Linear Discriminant Analysis with Semi-supervised Extension
ECML PKDD '09 Proceedings of the European Conference on Machine Learning and Knowledge Discovery in Databases: Part II
Classification by discriminative regularization
AAAI'08 Proceedings of the 23rd national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Face image modeling by multilinear subspace analysis with missing values
MM '09 Proceedings of the 17th ACM international conference on Multimedia
Learning a locality discriminating projection for classification
Knowledge-Based Systems
A 3D Face Model for Pose and Illumination Invariant Face Recognition
AVSS '09 Proceedings of the 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance
Neighbourhood preserving discriminant embedding in face recognition
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
Short Communication: Face recognition using message passing based clustering method
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
Locating nose-tips and estimating head poses in images by tensorposes
IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology
Comparing and combining lighting insensitive approaches for face recognition
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Color face recognition for degraded face images
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Semi-supervised bilinear subspace learning
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
Local learning regularized nonnegative matrix factorization
IJCAI'09 Proceedings of the 21st international jont conference on Artifical intelligence
Graph embedding with constraints
IJCAI'09 Proceedings of the 21st international jont conference on Artifical intelligence
Boosting constrained mutual subspace method for robust image-set based object recognition
IJCAI'09 Proceedings of the 21st international jont conference on Artifical intelligence
Robust distance metric learning with auxiliary knowledge
IJCAI'09 Proceedings of the 21st international jont conference on Artifical intelligence
Estimating Facial Reflectance Properties Using Shape-from-Shading
International Journal of Computer Vision
Robust Discriminant Analysis Based on Nonparametric Maximum Entropy
ACML '09 Proceedings of the 1st Asian Conference on Machine Learning: Advances in Machine Learning
Face recognition with biometric encryption for privacy-enhancing self-exclusion
DSP'09 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Digital Signal Processing
Random translational transformation for changeable face verification
DSP'09 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Digital Signal Processing
Illumination compensation algorithm based on quadratic polynomial model
CCDC'09 Proceedings of the 21st annual international conference on Chinese Control and Decision Conference
Discriminant subspace analysis: an adaptive approach for image classification
IEEE Transactions on Multimedia
Face recognition using dual-tree complex wavelet features
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Sorted index numbers for privacy preserving face recognition
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing - Special issue on recent advances in biometric systems: a signal processing perspective
Generalized discriminant analysis: a matrix exponential approach
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Biometric authentication using augmented face and random projection
BTAS'09 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international conference on Biometrics: Theory, applications and systems
A meta-analysis of face recognition covariates
BTAS'09 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international conference on Biometrics: Theory, applications and systems
Online learning in biometrics: a case study in face classifier update
BTAS'09 Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE international conference on Biometrics: Theory, applications and systems
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Image and Vision Computing
Fast Approximate kNN Graph Construction for High Dimensional Data via Recursive Lanczos Bisection
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Uncontrolled face recognition by individual stable neural network
PRICAI'06 Proceedings of the 9th Pacific Rim international conference on Artificial intelligence
A doubly weighted approach for appearance-based subspace learning methods
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
A video-based door monitoring system using local appearance-based face models
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
A unified framework of subspace and distance metric learning for face recognition
AMFG'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Analysis and modeling of faces and gestures
Towards pose-invariant 2D face classification for surveillance
AMFG'07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Analysis and modeling of faces and gestures
Face mosaicing for pose robust video-based recognition
ACCV'07 Proceedings of the 8th Asian conference on Computer vision - Volume Part II
Recognition of digital images of the human face at ultra low resolution via illumination spaces
ACCV'07 Proceedings of the 8th Asian conference on Computer vision - Volume Part II
A new framework for grayscale and colour non-lambertian shape-from-shading
ACCV'07 Proceedings of the 8th Asian conference on Computer vision - Volume Part II
SVM-based feature extraction for face recognition
Pattern Recognition
Research on eye-state based monitoring for drivers' dozing
IITA'09 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Intelligent information technology application
Pose estimation from multiple cameras based on Sylvester's equation
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
Generalised ambient reflection models for lambertian and phong surfaces
ICIP'09 Proceedings of the 16th IEEE international conference on Image processing
On the relevance of linear discriminative features
Information Sciences: an International Journal
Pattern Recognition Letters
Projective nonnegative graph embedding
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
Directional binary code with application to PolyU near-infrared face database
Pattern Recognition Letters
An EDBoost algorithm towards robust face recognition in JPEG compressed domain
Image and Vision Computing
Face recognition in global harmonic subspace
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Plastic surgery: a new dimension to face recognition
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
On the dynamic selection of biometric fusion algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security
Flexible manifold embedding: a framework for semi-supervised and unsupervised dimension reduction
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews
An analysis of random projection for changeable and privacy-preserving biometric verification
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics
Realtime training on mobile devices for face recognition applications
Pattern Recognition
Supervised manifold learning for image and video classification
Proceedings of the international conference on Multimedia
Face recognition using null space-based local discriminant embedding
ICIC'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Intelligent computing: Part II
Lighting aware preprocessing for face recognition across varying illumination
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Computer vision: Part II
Clustering complex data with group-dependent feature selection
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Computer vision: Part VI
Direct sparse nearest feature classifier for face recognition
LSMS/ICSEE'10 Proceedings of the 2010 international conference on Life system modeling and simulation and intelligent computing, and 2010 international conference on Intelligent computing for sustainable energy and environment: Part III
Tensor distance based multilinear locality-preserved maximum information embedding
IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
A structure-preserved local matching approach for face recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing - Special issue on advanced image processing for defense and security applications
Face recognition based on 2D images under illumination and pose variations
Pattern Recognition Letters
Contextual constraints based linear discriminant analysis
Pattern Recognition Letters
Boosting part-sense multi-feature learners toward effective object detection
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Tensor-based locally maximum margin classifier for image and video classification
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Database construction & recognition for multi-view face
FGR' 04 Proceedings of the Sixth IEEE international conference on Automatic face and gesture recognition
Manifold-respecting discriminant nonnegative matrix factorization
Pattern Recognition Letters
SCface --- surveillance cameras face database
Multimedia Tools and Applications
A Database and Evaluation Methodology for Optical Flow
International Journal of Computer Vision
An optimization criterion for generalized marginal Fisher analysis on undersampled problems
International Journal of Automation and Computing
Regression based automatic face annotation for deformable model building
Pattern Recognition
Nonlinear nonnegative matrix factorization based on Mercer kernel construction
Pattern Recognition
Variable lighting face recognition using discrete wavelet transform
Pattern Recognition Letters
Supervised optimal locality preserving projection
Pattern Recognition
Cross-pose face recognition based on partial least squares
Pattern Recognition Letters
Beyond sparsity: The role of L1-optimizer in pattern classification
Pattern Recognition
Computers and Electrical Engineering
Bilinear deep learning for image classification
MM '11 Proceedings of the 19th ACM international conference on Multimedia
A novel feature extraction method for face recognition under different lighting conditions
CCBR'11 Proceedings of the 6th Chinese conference on Biometric recognition
Extraction of discriminative manifold for face recognition
ICONIP'06 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part II
A new method of illumination normalization for robust face recognition
CIARP'06 Proceedings of the 11th Iberoamerican conference on Progress in Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis and Applications
Common image method(null space + 2DPCAs) for face recognition
ACIVS'06 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Advanced Concepts For Intelligent Vision Systems
An illumination invariant face recognition approach using exemplar-based synthesis technique
CAIP'05 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Computer Analysis of Images and Patterns
A testing methodology for face recognition algorithms
MLMI'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Machine Learning for Multimodal Interaction
The CMU face in action (FIA) database
AMFG'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Analysis and Modelling of Faces and Gestures
Automatic 3d facial expression analysis in videos
AMFG'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Analysis and Modelling of Faces and Gestures
Face view synthesis across large angles
AMFG'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Analysis and Modelling of Faces and Gestures
Estimating illumination parameters in real space with application to image relighting
ACCV'06 Proceedings of the 7th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Face reconstruction across different poses and arbitrary illumination conditions
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Face recognition using a surface normal model
ICIAP'05 Proceedings of the 13th international conference on Image Analysis and Processing
Facing scalability: Naming faces in an online social network
Pattern Recognition
Robust classification using l2,1-norm based regression model
Pattern Recognition
Semi-supervised ensemble classification in subspaces
Applied Soft Computing
Image-Set based face recognition using boosted global and local principal angles
ACCV'09 Proceedings of the 9th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part I
Face representation method using pixel-to-vertex map (PVM) for 3d model based face recognition
ECCV'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international conference on Computer Vision in Human-Computer Interaction
Detection of head pose and gaze direction for human-computer interaction
PIT'06 Proceedings of the 2006 international tutorial and research conference on Perception and Interactive Technologies
Selection of wavelet subbands using genetic algorithm for face recognition
ICVGIP'06 Proceedings of the 5th Indian conference on Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing
Face alignment using boosting and evolutionary search
ACCV'09 Proceedings of the 9th Asian conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part II
Vector quantization segmentation for head pose estimation
IDEAL'06 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Intelligent Data Engineering and Automated Learning
Extracting non-negative basis images using pixel dispersion penalty
Pattern Recognition
Supervised subspace learning with multi-class lagrangian SVM on the grassmann manifold
AI'11 Proceedings of the 24th international conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Class dependent 2d correlation filter for illumination tolerant face recognition
PerMIn'12 Proceedings of the First Indo-Japan conference on Perception and Machine Intelligence
Image and Vision Computing
Pixel selection based on discriminant features with application to face recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
On nonlinear dimensionality reduction for face recognition
Image and Vision Computing
Face recognition using Elasticfaces
Pattern Recognition
Joint feature selection and subspace learning
IJCAI'11 Proceedings of the Twenty-Second international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence - Volume Volume Two
A secure biometric discretization scheme for face template protection
Future Generation Computer Systems
Enhanced semi-supervised local Fisher discriminant analysis for face recognition
Future Generation Computer Systems
Video-driven state-aware facial animation
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds
Proceedings of the 18th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining
Orthogonal discriminant vector for face recognition across pose
Pattern Recognition
Contribution of non-scrambled chroma information in privacy-protected face images to privacy leakage
IWDW'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Digital-Forensics and Watermarking
Local phase quantization for blur-insensitive image analysis
Image and Vision Computing
Remote identification of faces: Problems, prospects, and progress
Pattern Recognition Letters
Synthesis of a face image at a desired pose from a given pose
Pattern Recognition Letters
A rough neurocomputing approach for illumination invariant face recognition system
RSKT'12 Proceedings of the 7th international conference on Rough Sets and Knowledge Technology
Robust pose invariant face recognition using coupled latent space discriminant analysis
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Estimation of 3D faces and illumination from single photographs using a bilinear illumination model
EGSR'05 Proceedings of the Sixteenth Eurographics conference on Rendering Techniques
Color face tensor factorization and slicing for illumination-robust recognition
ICB'07 Proceedings of the 2007 international conference on Advances in Biometrics
Face illumination compensation dictionary
Neurocomputing
Reduced analytical dependency modeling for classifier fusion
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part III
Parametric manifold of an object under different viewing directions
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part V
Domain adaptive dictionary learning
ECCV'12 Proceedings of the 12th European conference on Computer Vision - Volume Part IV
Face recognition by searching most similar sample with immune learning
ICARIS'12 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Artificial Immune Systems
Effect of facial feature points selection on 3d face shape reconstruction using regularization
ICONIP'12 Proceedings of the 19th international conference on Neural Information Processing - Volume Part V
Comparative analysis of benchmark datasets for face recognition algorithms verification
ICCVG'12 Proceedings of the 2012 international conference on Computer Vision and Graphics
A real-time system for head tracking and pose estimation
ECCV'10 Proceedings of the 11th European conference on Trends and Topics in Computer Vision - Volume Part I
A comparative study on illumination preprocessing in face recognition
Pattern Recognition
Equivalence Between LDA/QR and Direct LDA
International Journal of Cognitive Informatics and Natural Intelligence
Local Linear Regression on Hybrid Eigenfaces for Pose Invariant Face Recognition
International Journal of Computer Vision and Image Processing
Complete gradient face: a novel illumination invariant descriptor
CCBR'12 Proceedings of the 7th Chinese conference on Biometric Recognition
A face authentication scheme based on Affine-SIFT (ASIFT) and structural similarity (SSIM)
CCBR'12 Proceedings of the 7th Chinese conference on Biometric Recognition
Kernel based enhanced maximum margin criterion for feature extraction
CCBR'12 Proceedings of the 7th Chinese conference on Biometric Recognition
Multiple kernel local Fisher discriminant analysis for face recognition
Signal Processing
Modular discriminant analysis and its applications
Artificial Intelligence Review
Statistical framework for facial pose classification
MICAI'12 Proceedings of the 11th Mexican international conference on Advances in Artificial Intelligence - Volume Part I
3D facial expression synthesis from a single image using a model set
ACCV'12 Proceedings of the 11th international conference on Computer Vision - Volume 2
Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience
Structure preserving non-negative matrix factorization for dimensionality reduction
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Selective generation of Gabor features for fast face recognition on mobile devices
Pattern Recognition Letters
ACM Transactions on Knowledge Discovery from Data (TKDD) - Special Issue on ACM SIGKDD 2012
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Pose invariant face recognition using biological inspired features based on ensemble of classifiers
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
Illumination invariant face recognition
ICIC'13 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Intelligent Computing Theories
Learning person-specific models for facial expression and action unit recognition
Pattern Recognition Letters
Low-rank coding with b-matching constraint for semi-supervised classification
IJCAI'13 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence
Learning canonical correlations of paired tensor sets via tensor-to-vector projection
IJCAI'13 Proceedings of the Twenty-Third international joint conference on Artificial Intelligence
Pattern Recognition Letters
Face recognition for web-scale datasets
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Double linear regressions for single labeled image per person face recognition
Pattern Recognition
Face detection based on skin color likelihood
Pattern Recognition
Linear reconstruction measure steered nearest neighbor classification framework
Pattern Recognition
Parallel vector field embedding
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Perceptual relativity-based semi-supervised dimensionality reduction algorithm
Applied Soft Computing
Detecting People Looking at Each Other in Videos
International Journal of Computer Vision
Low-resolution face recognition: a review
The Visual Computer: International Journal of Computer Graphics
Uniform Local Derivative Patterns and Their Application in Face Recognition
Journal of Signal Processing Systems
Visual Focus of Attention in Non-calibrated Environments using Gaze Estimation
International Journal of Computer Vision
Soft label based Linear Discriminant Analysis for image recognition and retrieval
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
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Abstract--In the Fall of 2000, we collected a database of more than 40,000 facial images of 68 people. Using the Carnegie Mellon University 3D Room, we imaged each person across 13 different poses, under 43 different illumination conditions, and with four different expressions. We call this the CMU Pose, Illumination, and Expression (PIE) database. We describe the imaging hardware, the collection procedure, the organization of the images, several possible uses, and how to obtain the database.