Machine Learning
The FERET Evaluation Methodology for Face-Recognition Algorithms
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Detecting Faces in Images: A Survey
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Symmetric Shape-from-Shading Using Self-ratio Image
International Journal of Computer Vision
Biometric Recognition: Security and Privacy Concerns
IEEE Security and Privacy
The CMU Pose, Illumination, and Expression Database
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Robust Real-Time Face Detection
International Journal of Computer Vision
Image-Recognition Technologies towards Advanced Automated Teller Machines
ICPR '04 Proceedings of the Pattern Recognition, 17th International Conference on (ICPR'04) Volume 3 - Volume 03
A new video surveillance system employing occluded face detection
IEA/AIE'2005 Proceedings of the 18th international conference on Innovations in Applied Artificial Intelligence
Artificial Neural Networks: An Introduction (SPIE Tutorial Texts in Optical Engineering, Vol. TT68)
Artificial Neural Networks: An Introduction (SPIE Tutorial Texts in Optical Engineering, Vol. TT68)
A survey of skin-color modeling and detection methods
Pattern Recognition
ENCARA2: Real-time detection of multiple faces at different resolutions in video streams
Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation
A Component-based Framework for Face Detection and Identification
International Journal of Computer Vision
Self-Defense-Technologies for Automated Teller Machines
IMVIP '07 Proceedings of the International Machine Vision and Image Processing Conference
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Fast Asymmetric Learning for Cascade Face Detection
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
ATM Intelligent Surveillance Based on Omni-directional Vision
CSIE '09 Proceedings of the 2009 WRI World Congress on Computer Science and Information Engineering - Volume 04
A comprehensive evaluation framework and a comparative study for human detectors
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
A new approach to urban pedestrian detection for automatic braking
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems
Adaptive learning of multi-subspace for foreground detection under illumination changes
Computer Vision and Image Understanding
Equidistant Fish-Eye Calibration and Rectification by Vanishing Point Extraction
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
Facial fraud discrimination using detection and classification
ISVC'10 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Advances in visual computing - Volume Part III
Machine Vision and Applications
VALID: a new practical audio-visual database, and comparative results
AVBPA'05 Proceedings of the 5th international conference on Audio- and Video-Based Biometric Person Authentication
Immune-Inspired Adaptable Error Detection for Automated Teller Machines
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews
The CAS-PEAL Large-Scale Chinese Face Database and Baseline Evaluations
IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part A: Systems and Humans
Image change detection algorithms: a systematic survey
IEEE Transactions on Image Processing
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Crimes related to automated teller machines (ATMs) have increased as a result of the recent popularity in the devices. One of the most practical approaches for preventing such crimes is the installation of cameras in ATMs to capture the facial images of users for follow-up criminal investigations. However, this approach is vulnerable in cases where a criminal's face is occluded. Therefore, this paper proposes a system which assesses the recognizability of facial images of ATM users to determine whether their faces are severely occluded. The proposed system uses a component-based face candidate generation and verification approach to handle various facial postures and acceptable partial occlusions. Element techniques are implemented via grayscale image-based methods which are robust against illumination conditions compared to skin color detection approach. The system architecture for achieving both high performance and cost-efficiency is proposed to make the system applicable to practical ATM environments. In the experiment, the feasibility of the proposed system was evaluated using a large-scale facial occlusion database consisting of 3168 image sequences including 21 facial occlusions, 8 illumination conditions, and 2 acquisition scenarios. Based on the results, we drew up the guidelines of recognizability assessment systems for ATM applications.