Groupware and social dynamics: eight challenges for developers
Communications of the ACM
Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies - Special issue: the role of formal ontology in the information technology
Sorting things out: classification and its consequences
Sorting things out: classification and its consequences
Sharing Expertise: Beyond Knowledge Management
Sharing Expertise: Beyond Knowledge Management
Building a Chemical Ontology Using Methontology and the Ontology Design Environment
IEEE Intelligent Systems
Methodologies, tools and languages for building ontologies: where is their meeting point?
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Beyond ontologies: Toward situated representations of scientific knowledge
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
Representations and requirements: the value of ethnography in system design
Human-Computer Interaction
Towards an ontology for psychosis
Cognitive Systems Research
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Ontologies - a form of structured and logically related knowledge or classification hierarchy embedded in a computer system - are regarded by many scientists as having enormous promise for the consistent use and re-use of data. To realise this promise, however, is not straightforward. In this paper, based on ethnographic observation, we argue that the challenges for ontology building are 'social' as much as they are technical. By this we mean the routine work undertaken in the building process and the problems and difficulties entailed can be understood in terms of the practices of knowledge workers and the practical nature of 'sorting things out'. Getting a better sense of how, in practise, this work gets done gives a sense of the main challenges of building successful ontologies and how this impacts on the design of tool support. In considering the practices of one group in particular, we try to show how, for members, the technical problems of determining what classification structure is appropriate, and what its boundaries might be, depend substantially on assumptions about the 'community' and its interests and purposes. This 'turn to the social' has ramifications for the understanding of ontology building and use. Specifically, 'modelling' approaches to ontology building tell us little about the practical organisation of the work and how this relates to the prospect of successful sharing. Ethnographic enquiry may reveal important issues that are otherwise missed.