Visual models of plants interacting with their environment
SIGGRAPH '96 Proceedings of the 23rd annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
Global Optimization by Multilevel Coordinate Search
Journal of Global Optimization
Physically Based Rendering: From Theory to Implementation
Physically Based Rendering: From Theory to Implementation
Knowledge and heuristic-based modeling of laser-scanned trees
ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG)
Modeling trees with a space colonization algorithm
NPH'07 Proceedings of the Third Eurographics conference on Natural Phenomena
Environmental Modelling & Software
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Terrestrial lidar (TLiDAR) has been used increasingly over recent years to assess tree architecture and to extract metrics of forest canopies. Analysis of TLiDAR data remains a difficult task mainly due to the effects of object occlusion and wind on the quality of the retrieved results. We propose to link TLiDAR and tree structure attributes by means of an architectural model. The proposed methodology uses TLiDAR scans combined with allometric relationships to define the total amount of foliage in the crown and to build the tree branching structure. It uses the range (distance) and intensity information of the TLiDAR scans (i) to extract the stem and main branches of the tree, (ii) to reconstruct the fine branching structure at locations where the presence of foliage is very likely, and (iii) to use the availability of light as a criterion to add foliage in the center of the crown where TLiDAR information is sparse or absent due to occlusion effects. An optimization algorithm guides the model towards a realistic tree structure that fits the information gathered from TLiDAR scans and field inventory. The robustness and validity of the proposed model is assessed on five trees belonging to four different conifer species from natural forest environments. This approach addresses the data limitation of TLiDAR scans and aims to extract forest architectural metrics at different structural levels.