Principles of traditional animation applied to 3D computer animation
SIGGRAPH '87 Proceedings of the 14th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
[digital] Character Animation
Proceedings of the 29th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques
ECCV '98 Proceedings of the 5th European Conference on Computer Vision-Volume II - Volume II
Active Appearance Models Revisited
International Journal of Computer Vision
Automated Eye Motion Using Texture Synthesis
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
Eyelid kinematics for virtual characters
Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds - CASA' 2010 Special Issue
Statistical models of appearance for eye tracking and eye-blink detection and measurement
IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics
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Facial animation often falls short in conveying the nuances present in the facial dynamics of humans. In this article, we investigate the subtleties of the spatial and temporal aspects of eye blinks. Conventional methods for eye blink animation generally employ temporally and spatially symmetric sequences; however, naturally occurring blinks in humans show a pronounced asymmetry on both dimensions. We present an analysis of naturally occurring blinks that was performed by tracking data from high-speed video using active appearance models. Based on this analysis, we generate a set of key-frame parameters that closely match naturally occurring blinks. We compare the perceived naturalness of blinks that are animated based on real data to those created using textbook animation curves. The eye blinks are animated on two characters, a photorealistic model and a cartoon model, to determine the influence of character style. We find that the animated blinks generated from the human data model with fully closing eyelids are consistently perceived as more natural than those created using the various types of blink dynamics proposed in animation textbooks.