Symbolic Representation of Neural Networks
Computer - Special issue: neural computing: companion issue to Spring 1996 IEEE Computational Science & Engineering
Symbolic mapping of neurons in feedforward networks
Pattern Recognition Letters
Extracting rules from neural networks by pruning and hidden-unit splitting
Neural Computation
On theory revision with queries
COLT '99 Proceedings of the twelfth annual conference on Computational learning theory
More theory revision with queries (extended abstract)
STOC '00 Proceedings of the thirty-second annual ACM symposium on Theory of computing
Constructing X-of-N Attributes for Decision Tree Learning
Machine Learning
ACM Computing Surveys (CSUR)
Knowledge extraction from reinforcement learning
New learning paradigms in soft computing
Extracting query modifications from nonlinear SVMs
Proceedings of the 11th international conference on World Wide Web
Set Containment Characterization
Journal of Global Optimization
Approximating the Semantics of Logic Programs by Recurrent Neural Networks
Applied Intelligence
A Hybrid Architecture for Situated Learning of Reactive Sequential Decision Making
Applied Intelligence
The Connectionist Inductive Learning and Logic Programming System
Applied Intelligence
FERNN: An Algorithm for Fast Extraction of Rules fromNeural Networks
Applied Intelligence
Maximizing Theory Accuracy Through Selective Reinterpretation
Machine Learning
Theory Revision with Queries: DNF Formulas
Machine Learning
Symbolic Interpretation of Artificial Neural Networks
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Generalized Analytic Rule Extraction for Feedforward Neural Networks
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Binary Rule Generation via Hamming Clustering
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Extract intelligible and concise fuzzy rules from neural networks
Fuzzy Sets and Systems - Fuzzy systems
Extracting regression rules from neural networks
Neural Networks
Rough-Fuzzy MLP: Modular Evolution, Rule Generation, and Evaluation
IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering
Handling Continuous-Valued Attributes in Decision Tree with Neural Network Modelling
ECML '00 Proceedings of the 11th European Conference on Machine Learning
Linguistic Relations Encoding in a Symbolic-Connectionist Hybrid Natural Language Processor
IBERAMIA-SBIA '00 Proceedings of the International Joint Conference, 7th Ibero-American Conference on AI: Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Observational Logic Integrates Data Mining Based on Statistics and Neural Networks
PKDD '00 Proceedings of the 4th European Conference on Principles of Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery
Interpretation of Trained Neural Networks by Rule Extraction
Proceedings of the International Conference, 7th Fuzzy Days on Computational Intelligence, Theory and Applications
Instance-Based Method to Extract Rules from Neural Networks
ICANN '01 Proceedings of the International Conference on Artificial Neural Networks
MICAI '02 Proceedings of the Second Mexican International Conference on Artificial Intelligence: Advances in Artificial Intelligence
Rule Reduction over Numerical Attributes in Decision Tree Using Multilayer Perceptron
PAKDD '01 Proceedings of the 5th Pacific-Asia Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining
On the Need for a Neural Abstract Machine
Sequence Learning - Paradigms, Algorithms, and Applications
Mining Patterns from Structured Data by Beam-Wise Graph-Based Induction
DS '02 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Discovery Science
Structuring Neural Networks through Bidirectional Clustering of Weights
DS '02 Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Discovery Science
Feature Transformation and Multivariate Decision Tree Induction
DS '98 Proceedings of the First International Conference on Discovery Science
Computationally Efficient Heuristics for If-Then Rule Extraction from Freed-Forward Neural Networks
DS '00 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Discovery Science
Data-Driven Theory Refinement Using KBDistAl
IDA '99 Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Advances in Intelligent Data Analysis
NeuroRule: A Connectionist Approach to Data Mining
VLDB '95 Proceedings of the 21th International Conference on Very Large Data Bases
Extracting Interpretable Fuzzy Rules from RBF Networks
Neural Processing Letters
Transforming backpropagation neural networks to decision trees using NN-DT cascade method
Second international workshop on Intelligent systems design and application
Data mining tasks and methods: Classification: neural network approaches
Handbook of data mining and knowledge discovery
Handbook of data mining and knowledge discovery
Neural and rough set based data mining methods in engineering
Handbook of data mining and knowledge discovery
Extracting symbolic rules from trained neural network ensembles
AI Communications - Special issue on Artificial intelligence advances in China
Preference elicitation via theory refinement
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Applying GMDH algorithm to extract rules from examples
Systems Analysis Modelling Simulation - Special issue: Self-organising modelling and simulation
Rule extraction: using neural networks or for neural networks?
Journal of Computer Science and Technology
Rule extraction from linear support vector machines
Proceedings of the eleventh ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery in data mining
Discovering Trends in Large Datasets Using Neural Networks
Applied Intelligence
Rule Extraction from Recurrent Neural Networks: A Taxonomy and Review
Neural Computation
Visualizing the Function Computed by a Feedforward Neural Network
Neural Computation
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
Extracting symbolic rules from trained neural network ensembles
AI Communications - Artificial Intelligence Advances in China
Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Constructing a Decision Tree for Graph-Structured Data and its Applications
Fundamenta Informaticae - Advances in Mining Graphs, Trees and Sequences
Neuro-Symbolic Approaches for Knowledge Representation in Expert Systems
International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems
First-Order Logical Neural Networks
International Journal of Hybrid Intelligent Systems - Recent developments in Hybrid Intelligent Systems
A new approach for measuring rule set consistency
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Theoretical Computer Science
Gene expression modeling through positive boolean functions
International Journal of Approximate Reasoning
Hybrid neural systems for large scale credit risk assessment applications
Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems: Applications in Engineering and Technology - VIII Brazilian Symposium on Neural Networks
Rule based fuzzy classification using squashing functions
Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems: Applications in Engineering and Technology - Soft Computing and Applications
Supervised and Reinforcement Evolutionary Learning for Wavelet-based Neuro-fuzzy Networks
Journal of Intelligent and Robotic Systems
Combining multiple specialists' opinions with cellular automata to improve medical decision making
AIC'04 Proceedings of the 4th WSEAS International Conference on Applied Informatics and Communications
Connectionist model generation: A first-order approach
Neurocomputing
Grammar-Based Classifier System for Recognition of Promoter Regions
ICANNGA '07 Proceedings of the 8th international conference on Adaptive and Natural Computing Algorithms, Part I
Constructing Classification Rules Based on SVR and Its Derivative Characteristics
ADMA '07 Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on Advanced Data Mining and Applications
A New Approach to Division of Attribute Space for SVR Based Classification Rule Extraction
ISNN '08 Proceedings of the 5th international symposium on Neural Networks: Advances in Neural Networks
Explaining inferences in Bayesian networks
Applied Intelligence
Rule extraction from trained adaptive neural networks using artificial immune systems
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
International Journal of Computer Applications in Technology
Grammar-based classifier system: a universal tool for grammatical inference
WSEAS Transactions on Computers
ACS'08 Proceedings of the 8th conference on Applied computer scince
Extracting rules for classification problems: AIS based approach
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Enhancing and Relaxing Competitive Units for Feature Discovery
Neural Processing Letters
Grammatical inference with grammar-based classifier system
ICS'08 Proceedings of the 12th WSEAS international conference on Systems
Explaining instance classifications with interactions of subsets of feature values
Data & Knowledge Engineering
Bias-driven revision of logical domain theories
Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research
AAAI'07 Proceedings of the 22nd national conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
Hybrid thematic role processor: symbolic linguistic relations revised by connectionist learning
IJCAI'99 Proceedings of the 16th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
Understanding neural networks via rule extraction
IJCAI'95 Proceedings of the 14th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
GR2: a hybrid knowledge-based system using general rules
IJCAI'95 Proceedings of the 14th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
Neural logic network learning using genetic programming
IJCAI'01 Proceedings of the 17th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 2
CASE'09 Proceedings of the fifth annual IEEE international conference on Automation science and engineering
Selective enhancement learning in competitive learning
IJCNN'09 Proceedings of the 2009 international joint conference on Neural Networks
Improving rule extraction from neural networks by modifying hidden layer representations
IJCNN'09 Proceedings of the 2009 international joint conference on Neural Networks
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Multi groups cooperation based symbiotic evolution for TSK-type neuro-fuzzy systems design
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
An Efficient Explanation of Individual Classifications using Game Theory
The Journal of Machine Learning Research
A new approach to symbolic classification rule extraction based on SVM
PRICAI'06 Proceedings of the 9th Pacific Rim international conference on Artificial intelligence
Classifier construction by graph-based induction for graph-structured data
PAKDD'03 Proceedings of the 7th Pacific-Asia conference on Advances in knowledge discovery and data mining
On a hybrid weightless neural system
International Journal of Bio-Inspired Computation
Genetic rule extraction optimizing brier score
Proceedings of the 12th annual conference on Genetic and evolutionary computation
Automatically finding the control variables for complex system behavior
Automated Software Engineering
AAAI'92 Proceedings of the tenth national conference on Artificial intelligence
Learning fuzzy context-free grammar: a preliminary report
ICGI'10 Proceedings of the 10th international colloquium conference on Grammatical inference: theoretical results and applications
Data mining via rules extracted from GMDH: an application to predict churn in bank credit cards
KES'10 Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Knowledge-based and intelligent information and engineering systems: Part I
Combining models from neural networks and inductive learning algorithms
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
NN'05 Proceedings of the 6th WSEAS international conference on Neural networks
Efficiently explaining decisions of probabilistic RBF classification networks
ICANNGA'11 Proceedings of the 10th international conference on Adaptive and natural computing algorithms - Volume Part I
Interpreting hidden neurons in boolean constructive neural networks
IDEAL'11 Proceedings of the 12th international conference on Intelligent data engineering and automated learning
An investigation of TREPAN utilising a continuous oracle model
International Journal of Data Analysis Techniques and Strategies
The core method: connectionist model generation
ICANN'06 Proceedings of the 16th international conference on Artificial Neural Networks - Volume Part II
ISNN'06 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Advances in Neural Networks - Volume Part III
An intelligent model for the classification of children's occupational therapy problems
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Designing a decompositional rule extraction algorithm for neural networks
ISNN'06 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Advances in Neural Networks - Volume Part I
FSKD'05 Proceedings of the Second international conference on Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery - Volume Part II
Cleavage site analysis using rule extraction from neural networks
ICNC'05 Proceedings of the First international conference on Advances in Natural Computation - Volume Part I
Machine-Learning with cellular automata
IDA'05 Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Advances in Intelligent Data Analysis
Rule generation using NN and GA for SARS-CoV cleavage site prediction
KES'05 Proceedings of the 9th international conference on Knowledge-Based Intelligent Information and Engineering Systems - Volume Part III
A model for single and multiple knowledge based networks
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Paper: On the quality of neural net classifiers
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
A hybrid evolutionary learning algorithm for TSK-type fuzzy model design
Mathematical and Computer Modelling: An International Journal
Mathematical and Computer Modelling: An International Journal
Reinforcement learning for rule extraction from a labeled dataset
Cognitive Systems Research
Editorial: Special issue on integration of symbolic and connectionist systems
Cognitive Systems Research
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine
Quality of classification explanations with PRBF
Neurocomputing
Constructing a Decision Tree for Graph-Structured Data and its Applications
Fundamenta Informaticae - Advances in Mining Graphs, Trees and Sequences
Fuzzy DIFACONN-miner: A novel approach for fuzzy rule extraction from neural networks
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Fuzzy-Rule Based Adaptive Data Warehouse: An Extension of Data Warehouse as Knowledge Warehouse
International Journal of Applied Evolutionary Computation
Extracting reducible knowledge from ANN with JBOS and FCANN approaches
Expert Systems with Applications: An International Journal
Rule extraction from DEWNN to solve classification and regression problems
SEMCCO'12 Proceedings of the Third international conference on Swarm, Evolutionary, and Memetic Computing
On-line modeling via fuzzy support vector machines and neural networks
Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems: Applications in Engineering and Technology - Recent Advances in Soft Computing: Theories and Applications
Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems: Applications in Engineering and Technology
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Neural networks, despite their empirically proven abilities, have been little used for the refinement of existing knowledge because this task requires a three-step process. First, knowledge must be inserted into a neural network. Second, the network must be refined. Third, the refined knowledge must be extracted from the network. We have previously described a method for the first step of this process. Standard neural learning techniques can accomplish the second step. In this article, we propose and empirically evaluate a method for the final, and possibly most difficult, step. Our method efficiently extracts symbolic rules from trained neural networks. The four major results of empirical tests of this method are that the extracted rules 1) closely reproduce the accuracy of the network from which they are extracted; 2) are superior to the rules produced by methods that directly refine symbolic rules; 3) are superior to those produced by previous techniques for extracting rules from trained neural networks; and 4) are “human comprehensible.” Thus, this method demonstrates that neural networks can be used to effectively refine symbolic knowledge. Moreover, the rule-extraction technique developed herein contributes to the understanding of how symbolic and connectionist approaches to artificial intelligence can be profitably integrated.