Non-visual information display using tactons
CHI '04 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Multidimensional tactons for non-visual information presentation in mobile devices
Proceedings of the 8th conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services
Audio-visual person authentication using lip-motion from orientation maps
Pattern Recognition Letters
Undercover: authentication usable in front of prying eyes
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Vibrapass: secure authentication based on shared lies
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Feasibility study of tactile-based authentication
International Journal of Human-Computer Studies
The secure haptic keypad: a tactile password system
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The haptic wheel: design & evaluation of a tactile password system
CHI '10 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
AVBPA'03 Proceedings of the 4th international conference on Audio- and video-based biometric person authentication
Towards understanding ATM security: a field study of real world ATM use
Proceedings of the Sixth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security
The phone lock: audio and haptic shoulder-surfing resistant PIN entry methods for mobile devices
Proceedings of the fifth international conference on Tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction
Counting clicks and beeps: Exploring numerosity based haptic and audio PIN entry
Interacting with Computers
Back-of-device authentication on smartphones
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
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Authentication in public spaces is inherently exposed to observation attacks in which passwords are stolen by the simple act of watching the data input process. Addressing this issue are systems that secure authentication input via PINs or passwords that rely on sets of relatively unobservable tactile or audio cues. However, although secure, such systems typically invoke high levels of cognitive load in their users which is instantiated in lengthy authentication times and high error rates and most likely due to significant cognitive demands in terms of processing, mapping or recalling non visual information. To address this issue this paper introduces Spinlock, a novel authentication technique based on repeated presentation, recognition and enumeration of a single, simple invisible cue (audio or haptic), rather than a set of structured stimuli. This approach maintains the security but avoids the complexity of previous systems. A prototype illustrating this concept is described as well as a study comparing modalities and gauging overall levels of performance, usability and security. The results show that authentication with Spinlock is faster and less error prone than previous non-visual systems, while maintaining a similar security level. Limitations and future work are discussed.