IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
Artificial knowing: gender and the thinking machine
Artificial knowing: gender and the thinking machine
The age of spiritual machines: when computers exceed human intelligence
The age of spiritual machines: when computers exceed human intelligence
Cybersexualities: A Reader in Feminist Theory, Cyborgs and Cyberspace
Cybersexualities: A Reader in Feminist Theory, Cyborgs and Cyberspace
Silicon Second Nature: Culturing Artificial Life in a Digital World
Silicon Second Nature: Culturing Artificial Life in a Digital World
Technologies of the Gendered Body: Reading Cyborg Women
Technologies of the Gendered Body: Reading Cyborg Women
The Computer from Pascal to Von Neumann
The Computer from Pascal to Von Neumann
Constructions of Gender in the History of Artificial Intelligence
IEEE Annals of the History of Computing
Virtual Humans: A Build-It-Yourself Kit, Complete with Software and Step-by-Step Instructions
Virtual Humans: A Build-It-Yourself Kit, Complete with Software and Step-by-Step Instructions
When Computers Were Human
The reification of metaphor as a design tool
ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction (TOCHI)
Designing with Blends: Conceptual Foundations of Human-Computer Interaction and Software Engineering
Designing with Blends: Conceptual Foundations of Human-Computer Interaction and Software Engineering
I hate you! Disinhibition with virtual partners
Interacting with Computers
Turing test considered harmful
IJCAI'95 Proceedings of the 14th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence - Volume 1
Feminist HCI: taking stock and outlining an agenda for design
Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems
The Computer Boys Take Over: Computers, Programmers, and the Politics of Technical Expertise
The Computer Boys Take Over: Computers, Programmers, and the Politics of Technical Expertise
Metaphors for social relationships in 3d virtual worlds
Proceedings of the ACM 2012 conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work
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Two fundamental (and oftentimes opposing) metaphors have directed much of HCI design: HCI is communication and HCI is direct manipulation. Beneath these HCI metaphors, however, is the unspoken metaphor of computer is woman. In this paper we expose this foundational metaphor. We begin by identifying the origin of computer is woman in the early history of computing. Drawing upon postmodern feminist theory, we then explore how this metaphor has resulted in the feminization of HCI is communication and second person interfaces. We show how images of femininity proliferate, becoming the projected images of male fantasies and ideals of womanhood. In becoming these idealized images, the interface is revealed as man in female drag. Finally, not only do we undress the interface to uncover how HCI is communication wraps the computer's difference from human being within the more basic metaphor of computer is woman, but we also disclose dangers that can arise when this metaphor goes unacknowledged and unexamined.